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138 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Clinical Assessment
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Systematic evaluation of psychological, biological, and social factors in a person with a mental disorder
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Diagnosis
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Process of determining whether an individual's symptoms meet the criteria for a specific disorder
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Who and When was the DSM-IV TR published?
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2005
APA (American Psychiatric Association) |
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Three basic concepts to determine value of assessment?
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Reliability
Validity Standardization |
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Validity
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Whether or not an assessment technique measures what it is suppose to measure
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What happens during a clinical interview?
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Pyschologist tries to obtain a detailed record of a persons life, in order to help them and understand the individual
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Mental Status Exam
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Used to find out how a person thinks, feels, and behaves
Used to determine if a disorder is present |
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What does a mental status exam cover?
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Intellectual functioning
Appearance Behaviors |
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Sensorium
& Oriented Time Three |
Person's general awareness of his/her surroundings
Person, place, and time |
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What does a therapist do in a clinical interview?
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attempt to facilitate comminication
use of nonthreatening ways to seek information use appropriate listening skills |
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What two instances mimic symptoms of a disorder?
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Hyperthyroidism
and Cocaine Withdrawal |
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Reactivity
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When the observers prescense causes the person to behave differently
Can increase desired behaviors and decrease unwanted ones |
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Projection type tests are based on.....
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Psychoanalytic theory
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Personality tests are based on......and an example?
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Empirical Approach
MMPI (Minnesote Multiphasic Personality Inventory) |
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Deviation IQ
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Child's score is compared to others scores of the same age
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What is true about IQ tests?
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Has predicitive validity in terms of academic success
IQ measures abilities such as attention, memory, reasoning, and perception Psychologists have different theories on what really constitutes intelligence |
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What are neuropsychological Tests used for?
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To assess whether or not an individual has brain damage
Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery |
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What are used to diagnosis seizure disorders?
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EEG
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Classical Categorical Approach
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Assumes that each person with a certain disorder will experience the same symptoms
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Dimensional Approach to Classification
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Provides scales that indicate the degree to which patients are experience various cognitions, moods and behaviors
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Axis I
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Specific disorders (schizophrenia, mood disorders, learning disorders, motor skills disorders etc.)
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Axis II
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Chronic Disorders of personality and mental retardation
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Axis III
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Medical conditions (physical)
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Axis IV
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Psychosocial and environmental problems that have an impact on the disorder
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Axis V
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Current level of adaptive functioning
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Confound
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Factor that makes the results interruptible
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Dependent Variable
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Variable expected to change
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Independent Variable
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Variable expected to influence the change
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Hypothesis
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Educated guess
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Internal Validity
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Extent to which the results of a study can be explained by the dependent variable
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External Validity
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Extent to which the results apply to outside the study
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Analog Research Model
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Create lab conditions that are comparable to the phenomenon under study
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Clinical Significance
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How large the effect of the treatment is
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Effect Size
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How much each treated and untreated person in the study changes
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Case Study
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Doesnt follow scientific method
Contains many confounds |
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Epidemiology
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Study of the incidence of a problem in a population
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Phenotype
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Observable appearance
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Genotype
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Genetic Make up
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What can family, twin, and adoptions studies tell us?
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- Whether a specific psychopathology is influenced by genes
- Whether its influenced by environment -Degree of influence of genetics on disorder |
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Seasonal Affective Disorder
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Manic in the summer
Depressed in the winter |
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Who typically has a higher rate of depression after divorce?
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Men
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What is the criteria for rapid cycling and who is most likely to experience it?
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4 or more episodes in a year
women (90%) |
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Dysthmia is depression that lasts....
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more than two years
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What did Bandura's work help us in understanding the development of psychopathology?
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Demonstrates that animals can learn patterns of behavior by observing others
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What is Bandura's contribution to observational learning (modeling)?
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Much of our learned behavior depends upon our interactions with thoes around us
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Modern Cognitive Science idea of the unconcious
VS. Freud's view of the unconcious |
Modern= unconcious has the ability to process, store and act upon info without awareness
Freud= Unconcious is a seething caldron of emotional conflicts |
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Anxious _____ tend to have a higher rate of alcoholism than ______. Why?
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(a) males
(b) females Because men are likely to use alcohol to deal with anxiety rather than admit they are afraid |
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Individuals between the ages 50-94, who had a positive view about themselves and about aging......
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Lived 7 1/2 years longer than thoes with a less positive outlook
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How is learned helplessness created in a lab?
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By placing a rat in a cage where electric shocks are occasionally administered through the floor, out of the rats control
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1/4-1/2 of all suicides involve...
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alcohol
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What plays a large role in causing depression in men more than women?
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Environmental stress
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Characteristics of early onset (before 21) dysthymia.......
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-Greater chronocity
-Poorer response to treatment -Major depressive disorder |
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Learned helplessness
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People become anxious and depressed because they believe they have no control over the stress in their lives
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What is the basis of the multidimensional integrative approach?
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Each dimension is influenced by one another
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What is associated with Carl Rogers and the humanistic view?
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-Client Centered Therapy
-Unconditional Positive Regard -Empathy |
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Humanistic Approach
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Associated with self actualizing and hieracrchy of needs
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Skinner's Three Books
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"The Behavior of Organisms"
(1938) "Walden Two" (1948) "Beyond Freedom and Dignity" (1971) |
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Behavior Therapy
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Procedures in which scientific principles of psychology are applied to cliinical problems
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What may override genetically influenced tendencies to develop a disorder?
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Positive interventions
(i.e. Good Parenting) |
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Equifinality
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The fact that a number of paths can lead to the same outcome
Some behaviors can be symptoms of many different disorders |
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Interpersonal Psychotherapy
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Helps depressed patients resolve relationship problems
-Marital Conflict -Death of a loved one -Deficits in social skills |
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Grandosity
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Symptom of mania
Believe you can do anything without harm |
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Permissive Hypothesis
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When serotonin levels are low, and other neurotransmitter systems become disregulateed and contribute to mood irregularities
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Reciprocal Gene Environment Model
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Our inherited tendencies influence the probability that we will encounter stressful life events
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Prevalence of mood disorders in children and teens
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-Often misdiagnosed as ADHD
-Major depressive disorder in mainly females -Can be aggressive, impulsive, provocative, and accident prone |
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Disadvantages faced by women related to depression
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-Discrimination
-Poverty -Abuse -Sexual Harassment |
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Mixed Manic Episode
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An individual experiencing manic symptoms can be depressed or anxious
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What is involved in theraputic approaches to helping thoes who lost loved ones?
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-Talking about the deceased
-Reexperiencing the emotions associated with death -Find meaning in the loss |
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What are some reasons for thoes who suffer from major depressive disorder more than 5 years?
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-Epsidoe is not entirely cleared up
-Likelihood of another episode is high -Another episode might occur because of an incomplete episode recovery |
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Cognitive Therapy
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When therapist and client work together to recognize and correct negative thinking
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Diathesis
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Inherited tendency or condition that makes a person susceptible to developing a disorder
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Quantitative Genetics
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Used to determine the effects of multiple genes
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Polygenic
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Behavior and personality are influenced by many genes, with each gene contributing a small amount
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What do genes do?
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-Set boundries for development
-Can influence, but don't dictate |
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Depressive Cognitive Triad
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Thinking negatively about:
-Themselves -Immediate World -Future |
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Possible reason for higher rates of depression in women:
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-Culturally induced dependence and passivity
-Sense of uncontral and helplessness -Self blame for being depressed |
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What are three risk factors for suicide?
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-Sense of hopelessness
-Shameful or humiliating experience -Previous suicide attempts |
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Three longitudinal course specifer for recurrent mania or depression
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Previous history of dysthymia
Previous history of cyclothymia Full recovery between manic and depressive episodes |
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Bipolar disorder
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-Manic episodes alternate with depressive episodes
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Cyclothmia
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Chronic mood disorder
Considered moody Not as severe as bipolar |
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What factors contribute to the inegrative theory of depression?
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-Stressful life events
-Stress hormones -Neurotransmitters |
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Gene-environment Model
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When individuals who are biologically vulnerable to depression place themselves in high risk stressful events
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Irritability
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Characterizes mania
Energy is zapped |
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Flight of Ideas
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Rapid speech and constant moving thoughts and ideas
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Most episodes of major depression are time limited lasting up to ___. About ___ last as long as two years.
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(a) 9 months
(b) 10% |
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What questions should be asked when studying dopamine and schizophrenia?
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-Does too much dopamine cause schizophrenia?
-Does having schizophrenia cause an increase in dopamine? -Is there some factors that cause both schizophrenia and an increase in dopamine? |
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Who introduced the term "schizophrenia"?
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Eugen Bleuler
Swiss Psychiatrist 1908 |
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Unshared Environment
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Siblings can be raised in the same household, but experience their environment differently
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Cotard's Syndrome
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When the person believes that a body part has changed in some impossible way
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Delusions of persecution
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People are out to get you
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Alogia
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Lack of speeh content and/or lowered speech response
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Dementia Praecox
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-Original name for schizophrenia
-"Premature loss of mind" -Observed the onset of symptoms occuring before adulthood |
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What additions are helpful to biological treatments for schizophrenia?
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-Social Skills training
-Family intervention -Programs on vocational rehab |
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Psychological Disorder
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Dysfunction within an individual associated with distress or impairment in function and a response not typically or culturally expected
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Research studies focusing on genetic factors in schizophrenia have found...
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that an individual with a schizophrenic twin have the highest risk factor (almost 50%) of developing schizophrenia
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Psychopathology
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Scientific study of psychological disorders
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How do mental health professional function as scientist-practitioners?
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-Keeping up with latest scientific developments and use most current diagnositc and treatment procedures
-Evaluate their own assessments/treatment procedures to see if they work -Conduct research, in clinics or hospitals, that produce new information about disorders or their treatment |
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Anhedonia
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Inability to experience pleasure
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Token Economy
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Hospitalized patients earn tokens for appropriate behaviors and lose tokens for disruptive behaviors
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Presenting Problem
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-Used to indicate the problem that the person came into the clinic with
-Doesn't have to be the issue that they are truly suffering from, just what brought them into the clinic |
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Incidence of Disorder
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How many new cases of the disorder are diagnoised each year
(Statistical data) |
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Flat Affect
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Lack of emotional response, blank facial experssions and toneless voice
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Avolition
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Inability to persist or intiate in pleasurable activities or basic day to day functions
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What did Carl Jung and Alfred Adler believe about human nature?
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The basic quality of human nature is positive
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Episodic Course
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Psychological disorders that an individual recovers from an episode just to relapse again
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Chronic Course
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Pattern that tends to last a long time (i.e. a lifetime)
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Acute Onset
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Symptoms develop suddenly
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Prognosis
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Predicted future development of a disorder over time
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What supernatural causes were attributed to mental illness in the past?
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-Magnetic fields
-Demons and evil spirits -Moon and the stars |
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17th Century for depression
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Making the patient vomit, by feeding them tobacco and half boiled cabbage
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What did John Gray believe mental illness was due to?
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Physical causes
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When was the 1st effective medications for severe psychotic disorders developed?
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1950's
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What is true about the genetic basis of schizophrenia?
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Genes are responsible for making some individuals vulnerable to schizophrenia
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What characterizes the disorder known as schizophrenia?
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-Delusions/hallucinations
-Inappropriate emotions -Disorganized speech and behavior |
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Delusions of Grandeur
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Person thinks they are a famous or important person
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Jealous types of delusions
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When someone believes that their sexual partner is unfaithful
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What are effective in reducing the symptoms of anxiety?
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Benzodiazepines (minor tranquilizers) such as valium and librium
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In the late 1800's the emphasis on a biological cause of mental disorder resulted ironically in reduced intrest in treatments for mental patients it was thought that...
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mental disorders were due to some unyet discovered brain pathology and was therefore uncurable, so hospitialization was the only choice
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Positive Symptoms
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-An excess or distortion of normal behaviors
-Delusions -Hallucinations |
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Erotomanic Delusions
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Irrational belief that the individual is loved by another individual (usually of a higher status)
Common with thoes who stalk celebrities |
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What was involved with the psychosocial approach (called moral therapy)?
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-Treating patients as normally as possible in a setting that encouraged and reinforced normal social interactions
-Relationships are carefully nutured -Individual attention emphasized positive consequences for appropriate behavior |
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Who established the 1st mental hospital in the US featurin moral therapy?
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Benjamin Rush
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What are the minor side-effects of anti-psychotics?
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-Grogginess
-Blurred vision -Dryness of mouth |
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Agonists
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Drugs that increase dopamine also increase schizophrenic symptoms
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Antagonists
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Drugs that decrease dopamine also decrease schizophrenic symptoms
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Brief Psychotic Disorder
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Disturbance involving delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech/behavior but lasting less than 1 month
Often occurs as a reaction to stress |
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Delusional Disorder
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-Disorder featuring a persistent belief contrary to reality but no other symptoms
-The imagined event could be really happening, but there is no evidence that they are happening |
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Negative Symptoms
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-Deficits in normal behavior
-Avolition -Alogia -Anhedonia -Flat affect |
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What is the criteria for disorganized schizophrenia?
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-Disorganized speech
-Disorganized behavior -Flat/inappropriate affect |
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What are symptoms of disorganized schizophrenia?
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-Fragmented delusions/hallucinations
-Inappropriate/flat affect -Self absorption and mirror gazing |
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Paranoid Type of Schizophrenia
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-Symptoms primarily involve delusions and hallucinations (usually have a theme)
-Speech and motor and emotional behavior are relatively intact |
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What are the subtypes of schizophrenia?
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-Paranoid
-Disorganized -Catatonic |
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Waxy Flexibility
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Tendency to keep their bodies in positions that they are put in by other people
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Catatonic Immobility
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Disturbance of motor behavior in which the person remains motionless sometimes in awkward positions for extended period of time
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Astrology
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Historical belief that the movements and/or the position of the moon, the stars and the planets influence human behavior
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Defense Mechanisms
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-Denial
-Repression -Displacement -Projection -Rationalization -Reaction formation -Sublimation |
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Capgras Syndrome
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When they believe that a famous person has been replaced by a double
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What contributions did Emil Kraeplin to our knowledge of schizophrenia?
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-Distinguished dementia praecox from manic depressive disorder
-Hallucinations, delusions, and negativism were symptoms of dementia praecox -Combined several symptoms of insanity that had usually viewed separately (catatonia, paranoia,hebephrenia) |
