Abnormal Psychology Dsm 5 Ch. 2

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Biological Perspective

Back 1

focuses on the anatomy or body of the person who shows abnormal behavior. Gives rise to drugs as treatments and gave rise to the medical model.

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Neurons

Back 2

nerve cells that transmit signals or "messages" throughout the body.

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Dendrites

Back 3

the rootlike structures at the ends of neurons that receive messages from other neurons.

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Axon

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the long, thin part of a neuron along which nerve impulses travel.

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Terminals

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the small branching structures at the tips of axons.

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Neurotransmitters

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Chemical substances that transmit messages from one neuron to another.

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Synapse

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the junction between one neuron and another across which neurotransmitters pass.

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Receptor Sites

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a part of a dendrite on a receiving neuron that is structured to receive a neurotransmitter.

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Central Nervous System

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the body's master control unit.

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Medulla

Back 10

a area of the hindbrain involved in regulation of heartbeat, respiration, and blood pressure.

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Pons

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a structure in the hindbrain involved in body movements, attention, sleep, and respiration.

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Cerebellum

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a structure in the hindbrain involved in motor behavior, coordination, and balance.

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Reticular Activating System

Back 13

brain structure involved involved in the process of attention, sleep, an arousal.

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Thalamus

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a structure in the forebrain involved in relaying sensory information to the cortex and in processes related to sleep and attention.

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Hypothalamus

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a structure in the forebrain involved in regulating body temperature, emotion, and motivation.

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Limbic System

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a group of forebrain structures involved in emotional processing, memory, and basic drives such as hunger, thirst, and aggression.

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Basal Ganglia

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an assemblage of neurons at the base of the forebrain involved in regulating postural movements and coordination.

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Cerebrum

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the large mass of the forebrain, consisting of the two cerebral hemispheres, responsible for higher mental functions.

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Cerebral Cortex

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the wrinkled surface area of the cerebrum responsible for processing sensory stimuli and controlling higher mental functions, such as thinking and the use of language.

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Occipital Lobe

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primary involved in processing of visual stimuli.

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Temporal Lobe

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involved in processing sounds or auditory stimuli.

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Parietal Lobe

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involved in processing sensations of touch, temperature, and pain.

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Frontal Lobe

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controls muscle movement and includes the prefrontal cortex that regulates higher mental functions such as thinking, problem solving, and use of language.

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Peripheral Nervous System

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the bodies link to the outside world

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Somatic Nervous System

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the division of the peripheral nervous system that relays information from the sense of organs to the brain and transmits messages from the brain to the skeletal muscles.

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Autonomic Nervous System

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the division of the peripheral nervous system that regulates the activities of the glands and involuntary functions.

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Sympathetic

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pertaining to the division of the autonomic nervous system whose activities leads to the heighten states of arousal.

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Parasympathetic

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pertaining to the division of the autonomic nervous system whose activity reduces states of arousal and regulates bodily processes that replenish energy reserves.

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Epigenetics

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the field that focuses on how environmental factors influence genetic expression.

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Psychoanalytic theory

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developed by Sigmund Freud that is based on the belief that the roots of psychological problems involve unconsciousness motivates and conflicts that can be traced back to childhood.

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Conscious

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to Freud, the part of the mind that corresponds to our present awareness.

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Preconscious

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to Freud, the part of the mind that contains memories not in awareness but can be brought into awareness by focusing attention on them.

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Unconscious

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to Freud, the part of the mind that lies outside the range of ordinary awareness and that contains instinctual urges.

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Id

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the original and unconscious psychic structure, present at birth, that contains primitive instincts and is regulated by the pleasure principle.

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Pleasure Principle

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the governing principle of the id, involving demands for immediate gratification of needs.

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Ego

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the psychic structure governed by the reality principle. It organizes reasonable ways for coping with frustration and seeks to curb the demands of the id.

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Reality Principle

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the governing principle of the ego, which involves considerations of social acceptability and practicality.

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Superego

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the psychic structure that incorporates the values of the parents and important others and functions as a moral conscious.

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Defense Mechanisms

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the reality-distorting strategies used by the ego to shield the self from awareness of anxiety-provoking impulses.

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Oedipus Complex

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Freuds purposed theory that everyone at birth starts with an attraction of the opposite gender parent.

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Fixation

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in Freudian theory, a constellation of personality traits associated with a particular stage of the psychosexual development, resulting from either too much or too little gratification at the stage.

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Archetypes

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primitive images or concepts that reside in the collective unconscious.

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Ego psychology

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modern psychodynamic approach originated by Heinz Hartman that focuses more on the conscious strivings of the ego than on the hypothesized unconscious functions of the id.

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Object-relations theory

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the psychodynamic viewpoint developed by Margaret Mahler that focuses on the influences of internalized representations of the personalities of parents and other strong attachment figures (called "objects").

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Psychosis

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a serve form of disturbed behavior characterized by impaired ability to interpret reality and difficulty meeting the demands of daily life.

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Ivan Pavlov

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the discoverer of the conditioned reflex

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John B. Watson

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the father of behaviorism

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B. F. Skinner

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believed that human behavior is the product of our genetic inheritance and environmental or situational influences.

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Conditioned Response

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in classical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral stimuli.

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Unconditioned Stimulus

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a stimulus that elicits an unlearned response.

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Unconditioned Response

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an unlearned response

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Conditioned Stimulus

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a previously neutral stimulus that evokes a conditioned response after repeated pairings with an unconditioned stimulus that had previously evoked that response.

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Classical Conditioning

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a form of learning in which a response to one stimulus can be made to occur to another stimulus by pairing or associating the two stimuli.

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Operant Conditioning

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a form of learning in which behavior is acquired and strengthened when it is reinforced.

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Reinforcement

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Changes in the environment (stimuli) that increases the frequency of the preceding behavior.

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Positive Reinforcers

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Reinforces that, when introduced, increase the frequency of the preceding behavior.

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Negative Reinforcers

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Reinforcers that, when removed, increase the frequency of the preceding behavior.

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Punishment

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application of aversive or painful stimuli that reduces the frequency of the behavior it follows.

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Social-Cognitive theory

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a learning-based theory that emphasizes observational learning and incorporates roles for cognitive variables in determining behavior.

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Modeling

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Learning by observing and imitating the behavior of others.

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Expectancies

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Beliefs about expected outcomes.

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Self-actualization

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in humanistic psychology, the tendency to strive to become all that one is capable of being. The motive that drives one to reach one's full potential and express one's unique capabilities.

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Unconditional positive regard

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valuing other people as having basic worth regardless of their behavior at a particular time.

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Conditioned positive regard

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valuing other people on the basis of whether their behavior meets one's approval.

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Becks 4 basic types of Cognitive distortions

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1. Selective abstraction

2. Overgeneralization

3. Magnification

4. Absolutist Theory

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Social Causation Model

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the belief that social stressors, such as poverty, account for the greater risk of serve psychological disorders among people of lower socioeconomic status.

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Downward Drift Hypothesis

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the theory that explains the linkage between low socioeconomic status and behavior problems by suggesting that problem behaviors lead people to drift downward in social status.

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Diathesis Stress Model

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a model that posits that abnormal behavior problems involve the interaction of a vulnerability or predisposition and stressful life events and experiences.

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Diathesis

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a vulnerability or predisposition to a particular disorder.

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Clinical Psychologist

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have earned doctoral degree in psychology (either Ph.D, or Doctor of Philosophy; a Doctor of Psychology) from a accredited college or university.

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Counseling Psychologist

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holds doctoral degree in psychology and have completed graduate training preparing them for careers in college counseling centers and mental health facilities.

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Psychiatrists

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have earned a medical degree (M.D.) and completed a residency program in psychiatry.

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Clinical or psychiatric social workers

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have earned a masters degree in social work and use their knowledge of community agencies and organizations to help people with serve mental disorders receive the services they need.

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Psychoanalyst

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typically are either psychiatrists or psychologists who have completed extensive additional training in psychoanalysis.

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Counselors

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have typically earned a masters degree by completing a graduate program in a counseling field. Counselors work in many settings, including public schools, college testing and counselor centers, and hospitals and health clinics.

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Psychiatric Nurse

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typically are R.N.s who have completed a masters program in psychiatric nursing.

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Psychotherapy

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a structured form of treatment derived from a psychological framework that consists of one or more verbal interactions or treatment sessions between a client and a therapist.

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Psychoanalysis

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the first method of psychotherapy developed by Sigmund Freud.

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Psychodynamic Theory

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therapy that helps individuals gain insights into, and resolve, unconscious conflicts.

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Free Associations

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the method of verbalizing thoughts as they occur without a conscious attempt to edit or censure them.

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manifest content

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the material of the dream that the dreamer experiences and reports.

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latent content

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the unconscious material the dream symbolizes or represents.

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Transference Relationship

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in psychoanalysis, the client's transfer or generalization to the analyst of feelings and attitudes the client holds toward important figures in his or her life.

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Countertransference

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in psychoanalysis, the transfer of feelings or attitudes that the analyst holds towards other persons in his or her life onto the client.

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Behavior Therapy

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the systematic application of the principles of learning to treat psychological disorders.

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Systematic desensitization

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a behavior therapy technique for overcoming phobias by means of exposure to progressively more fearful stimuli while one remains deeply relaxed.

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Gradual exposure

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a behavior therapy technique for overcoming fears through direct exposure to increasingly fearful stimuli.

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Modeling

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a behavior therapy technique for helping an individual acquire a target behavior by observing a therapist or other individual demonstrate the behavior and then imitate it.

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Token Economy

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behavioral treatment program in which a controlled environment is constructed such that people are reinforced for desired behaviors by receiving tokens that may be exchanged for desired rewards.

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Person centered therapy

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the establishment of a warm, accepting therapeutic relationship that frees clients to engage in self exploration and achieve self acceptance. (non-directive)

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Reflection

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the restating or paraphrasing of the clients expressed feelings without interpreting them or passing judgement on them.

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Unconditional Positive Regard

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the expression of unconditional acceptance of another persons intrinsic worth.