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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Biological Model of Abnormality |
adopts a medical perspective as in illness is brought about by malfunctioning parts of the organism (brain anatomy or chemistry) - connections between certain psychological disorders and problems in specific brain areas (e.g., Huntington's disease) - abnormal activity in certain NTs can lead to specific mental disorders (e.g., depression - low serotonin) - abnormal secretions of hormones have been linked to psychological disorders (e.g., cortisol release) - tie to genetics - viral infections (e.g., schizophrenia and prenatal viral exposure) |
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Three types of biological treatment |
1. drug therapy 2. ECT 3. psychosurgery |
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Drug Therapy |
1. antianxiety drugs (anxiolytics; minor tranquilizers) 2. antidepressant drugs 3. antibipolar drugs (mood stabilizers) 4. antipsychotic drugs |
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Strengths and weaknesses of Biological Model |
Strengths: - enjoys considerable respect in the field - constantly produces valuable new info - treatment brings great relief Weaknesses: - can limit, rather than enhance, our understanding (too simplistic) - treatments produce significant undesirable effects |
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Psychodynamic Model |
abnormal symptoms are the result of conflict among underlying dynamic psychological and subconscious forces. if the id, ego, and superego are in excessive conflict, the person's behavior may show signs of dysfunction |
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repression |
person avoids anxiety by simply not allowing painful or dangerous thoughts to become conscious |
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denial |
person simply refuses to acknowledge the existence of an external source of anxiety |
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projection |
person attributes own unacceptable impulses, motives, or desires to other individuals |
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rationalization |
person creates a socially acceptable reason for an action that actually reflects unacceptable motives |
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displacement |
person displaces hostility away from a dangerous object onto a safer substitute |
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intellectualization |
person represses emotional reactions in favor of overly logical responses to a problem |
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regression |
person retreats from an upsetting conflict to an early developmental stage at which no one is expected to behave maturely or responsibly |
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Freud's developmental stages |
at each stage of development, new events and pressures require adjustment in the id, ego, and superego. (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) If successful --> personal growth if unsuccessful --> fixation at an early developmental stage, leading to psychological abnormality parents are often seen as the cause of improper development |
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Three schools of post-Freud psychodynamic psychology |
1. Ego theorists: emphasize the role of the ego; consider it independent and powerful 2. self theorists: emphasize the unified personality 3. object-relations theorists: emphasize the human need for relationships, especially between children and caregivers |
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psychodynamic therapies and techniques |
all seek to uncover past traumas and inner conflicts therapists act as a "subtle guide" techniques: free association, therapist interpretation (resistance, transference, dream interpretation), catharsis, working through |
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strengths and weaknesses of psychodynamic model |
strengths: - sees abnormal functioning as rooted in the same processes as normal functioning - first to apply theory and techniques systematically to treatment (huge!) - first to recognize importance of psychological theories and treatment weaknesses: - unsupported ideas; difficult to research (non-observable, inaccessible to human subject) |
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Behavioral Model |
- actions determined largely by experiences in life - concentrates on behaviors/environmental factors - bases explanations/treatments on principles of learning - began in laboratories with conditioning studies |
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operant conditioning |
learn to behave as a result of receiving rewards whenever they do behave in a certain way |
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modeling |
individuals learn responses by observing and repeating behavior |
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classical conditioning |
Pavlov, learning by temporal association, explains many familiar behaviors (both normal and abnormal) |
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behavioral therapies |
aim to identify the behaviors that are causing problems and replace them with more appropriate ones, therapist as teacher rather than healer |
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Strengths and weaknesses of behavioral therapies |
strengths: - powerful force in the field - can be tested in the laboratory - significant research support for behavioral therapies weaknesses: - no evidence that symptoms are ordinarily acquired through conditioning - too limited - too simplistic |
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Cognitive Model |
we can best understand abnormal functioning by looking to cognition. abnormal functioning can result from cognitive problems, like faulty assumptions and attitudes, illogical thinking processes clinicians must ask questions about assumptions, attitudes, and thoughts of a client |
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Beck's Cognitive Therapy |
the goal of therapy is to help clients recognize and restructure their thinking: therapists guide clients to challenge dysfunctional thoughts, try out new interpretations, and apply new ways of thinking in their daily lives (used in treating depression) |
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strengths and weaknesses of cognitive model |
strengths: - very broad appeal - clinically useful and effective - focuses on uniquely human process - theories lend themselves to research - therapies effective in treating several disorders weaknesses: - precise role of cognition in abnormality yet to be determined - therapies are not universally helpful - some changes may not be achievable |
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Humanistic-Existential Model |
combination of humanist (emphasis on people as friendly, cooperative, constructive; focus on drive to self-actualize through honest recognition of strengths and weaknesses) and existential (emphasis on self-determination, choice, and individual responsibility, focus on authenticity) |
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Rogers' Humanistic Theory and Therapy |
believe in basic human need for unconditional positive regard: if received --> unconditional self-regard if not --> conditions of worth (incapable of self-actualization because of distortion, don't know what they really need) client-centered therapy in which therapist creates a supportive climate (accurate empathy, genuineness) little research support but positive impact on clinical practice |
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Gestalt Theory and Therapy |
developed by Fritz Perls, humanistic goal: guide clients toward self-recognition through challenge and frustration techniques: skillful frustration, role playing, rules ("here and now", "I" language) little research support |
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Existential Theories and Therapy |
foundational belief that psychological dysfunction is caused by self-deception people are encouraged to accept personal responsibility for their problems: goals more important than technique, emphasis on client-therapist relationship do not believe experimental methods can adequately test the effectiveness of treatments, little controlled research |
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strengths and weaknesses of humanistic-existential model |
strengths: - taps into domains missing from other models - emphasizes the individual - optimistic - emphasizes health weaknesses: - focuses on abstract issues (difficult to research) - weakened by disapproval of scientific approach |
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Sociocultural Models |
abnormal behavior is best understood in light of social and cultural forces that influence an individual (norms and roles in society) two major perspectives: family-social perspective, multicultural perspective |
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Family-Social Theorists |
theorists should concentrate on forces that operate directly on an individual like social labels and roles and social connections/supports focus on family structure and communication led to group therapy, family therapy, couple therapy, community treatment |
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family systems theory |
abnormal functioning within a family leads to abnormal behavior |
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Multicultural Theory |
holds that an individual's behavior is best understood when examined in the light of that individual's unique cultural context
prejudice and discrimination faced by many minority groups may contribute to various forms of abnormal functioning |
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strengths and weaknesses of sociocultural models |
strengths: - added greatly to the clinical understanding and treatment of abnormality (awareness of family, cultural, social, and societal social roles) - clinically successful when other treatments have failed weaknesses: - research is difficult to interpret - model unable to predict abnormality in specific individuals |
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biopsychosocial theories |
abnormality results from the interaction of genetic, biological, developmental, emotional, behavioral, cognitive, social, and societal influences |
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diathesis-stress approach |
attempts to explain behavior as a predispositional vulnerability together with stress from life experiences |
