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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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model
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a set of assumptions and concepts that help scientists explain and interpret observations; also called a paradigm
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neuron
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a nerve cell
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synapse
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the tiny space between the nerve ending of one neuron and the dendrite of another
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neurotransmitter
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a chemical that, released by one neuron, crosses the synaptic space to be received at receptors on the dendrites of neighboring neurons
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receptor
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a site on a neuron that receives a neurotransmitter
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hormones
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the chemicals released by endocrine glands into the bloodstream
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gene
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chromosome segments that control the characteristics and traits we inherit
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psychotropic medications
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drugs that primarily affect the brain and reduce many symptoms of mental dysfuncitoning
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antianxiety drugs
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psychotropic drugs that help reduce tension and anxiety; also called minor tranquilizers or anxiolytics
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antidepressant drugs
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psychotropic drugs that improve the moods of people with depression
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antibipolar drugs
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psychotropic drugs that help stabilize the moods of people suffering from a bipolar mood disorder; also called mood stabilizers
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antipsychotic drugs
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psychotropic drugs that help correct the confusion, hallucinations, and delusions found in psychotic disorders
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electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
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a form of biological treatment, used primarily on depressed patients, in which a brain seizure is triggered as an electric current passes through electrodes attached to the patient's forehead
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psychosurgery
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brain surgery for mental disorders; also called neurosurgery
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id
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according to Freud, the psychological force that produces instinctual needs, drives, and impulses
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ego
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according to Freud, the psychological force that employs reason and operates in accordance with the reality principle
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ego defense mechanisms
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according to psychoanalytic theory, strategies developed by the ego to control unacceptable id impulses and to avoid or reduce the anxiety they arouse
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denial
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arguing against an anxiety-provoking stimuli by stating that it doesn't exist; person simply refuses to acknowledge the existence of an external source of anxiety
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intellectualization
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avoiding unacceptable emotions by focusing on the intellectual aspects; person represses emotional reactions in favor of overly logical response to a problem
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projection
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attributing unacceptable desires/impulses to others; person attributes own unacceptable impulses, motives, or desires to other individuals
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regression
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returning to a previous stage of development; person retreats from an upsetting conflict to an early developmental stage at which no one is expected to behave maturely or responsibly
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repression
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pulling into the unconscious; person avoids anxiety by simply not allowing painful or dangerous thoughts to become concious
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sublimation
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acting out violent or sexual impulses in a socially acceptable way; person creates a socially acceptable reason for an action that actually reflects unacceptable motives
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transference
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shifting feelings about a significant person to another figure; person displaces hostility away from a dangerous object and onto a safer substitute
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superego
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according to Freud, the psychological force that represents a person's values and ideals
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fixation
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according to Freud, a condition in which the id, ego, and superego do not mature properly and are frozen at an early stage of development
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ego theory
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the psychodynamic theory that emphasizes the role of the ego and considers it an independent force
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self theory
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the psychodynamic theory that emphasizes the role of the self--our unified personality
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object relations theory
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the psychodynamic theory that views the desire for relationships as the key motivating force in human behavior
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free association
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a psychodynamic technique in which the patient describes any thought, feeling, or image that comes to mind, even if it seems unimportant
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resistance
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an unconscious refusal to participate fully in therapy
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transference
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according to psychodynamic theorists, the redirection toward the psychotherapist of feelings associated with important figures in a patient's life, now or in the past
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dream
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a series of ideas and images that form during sleep
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catharsis
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the reliving of past repressed feelings in order to settle internal conflicts and overcome problems
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working through
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the psychoanalytic process of facing conflicts, reinterpreting feelings, and overcoming one's problems
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relational psychoanalytic therapy
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a form of psychodynamic therapy that considers therapists to be active participants in the formation of patients' feelings and reactions, and therefore calls for therapists to disclose their own experiences and feelings in discussions with patients
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conditioning
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a simple form of learning
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operant conditioning
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a process of learning in which behavior that leads to satisfying consequences is likely to be repeated
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modeling
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a process of learning in which an individual acquires responses by observing and imitating others
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classical conditioning
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a process of learning by temporal association in which two events that repeatedly occur close together in time become fused in a person's mind and produce the same response
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systematic desensitization
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a behavioral treatment in which clients with phobias learn to react calmly instead of with intense fear to the objects or situations they dread
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self-efficacy
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the belief that one can master and perform needed behaviors whenever necessary
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cognitive-behavioral therapies
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therapy approaches that seek to help clients change both counterproductive behaviors and dysfunctional ways of thinking
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cognitive therapy
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a therapy developed by Aaron Beck that helps people recognize and change their faulty thinking processes
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self-actualization
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the humanistic process by which people fulfill their potential for goodness and growth
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client-centered therapy
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the humanistic therapy developed by Carl Rogers in which clinicians try to help clients by conveying acceptance (unconditional positive regard), accurate empathy, and genuineness
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gestalt therapy
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the humanistic therapy developed by Fritz Perls in which clinicians actively move clients toward self-recognition and self-acceptance by using techniques such as role playing and self-discovery exercises
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existential therapy
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a therapy that encourages clients to accept responsibility for their lives and to live with greater meaning and value
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family systems theory
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a theory that views the family as a system of interacting parts whose interactions exhibit consistent patterns and unstated rules
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group therapy
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a therapy format in which a group of people with similar problems meet together with a therapist to work on those problems
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self-help group
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a group made up of people with similar problems who help and support one another without the direct leadership of a clinician; also called a mutual help group
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family therapy
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a therapy format in which the therapist meets with all members of a family and helps them to change in therapeutic ways
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couple therapy
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a therapy format in which the therapist works with two people who share a long-term relationship; also called marital therapy
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community mental health treatment
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a treatment approach that emphasizes community care
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multicultural perspective
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the view that each culture within a larger society has a particular set of values and beliefs, as well as special external pressures, that help account for the behavior and functioning of its members; also called culturally diverse perspective
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culture-sensitive therapies
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approaches that seek to address the unique issues faced by members of minority groups
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gender-sensitive therapies
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approaches geared to the pressures of being a woman in Western society; also called feminist therapies
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biopsychosocial theories
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explanations that attribute the cause of abnormality to an interaction of genetic, biological, developmental, emotional, behavioral, cognitive, social, and societal influences
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biological
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cause of dysfunction: biological malfunction
research support: strong consumer designation: patient therapist role: doctor key therapist technique: biological intervention therapy goal: biological repair |
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psychodynamic
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cause of dysfunction: underlying conflicts
research support: modest consumer designation: patient therapist role: interpreter key therapist technique: free association/interpretation therapy goal: broad psychological change |
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behavioral
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cause of dysfunction: maladaptive learning
research support: strong consumer designation: client therapist role: teacher key therapist technique: conditioning therapy goal: functional behaviors |
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cognitive
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cause of dysfunction: maladaptive thinking
research support: strong consumer designation: client therapist role: persuader key therapist technique: reasoning therapy goal: adaptive thinking |
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humanistic
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cause of dysfunction: self-deceit
research support: weak consumer designation: patient/client therapist role: observer key therapist technique: reflection therapy goal: self-actualization |
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existential
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cause of dysfunction: avoidance of responsibility
research support: weak consumer designation: patient/client therapist role: collaborator key therapist technique: varied therapy goal: authentic life |
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family-social
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cause of dysfunction: family/social stress
research support: moderate consumer designation: client therapist role: family/social facilitator key therapist technique: family/social intervention therapy goal: effective family/social system |
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multicultural
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cause of dysfunction: external pressures or cultural conflicts
research support: moderate consumer designation: client therapist role: cultural advocate/teacher key therapist technique: culture-sensitive intervention therapy goal: cultural awareness and comfort |
