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79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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4 Characteristics of Abnormal
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1. Statistically Infrequent 2. Violate Social Norms 3. Cause distress 4. Cause Impairment |
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Limitations of Characteristics Statistically Infrequent Violate Social Norms |
Statistically Infrequent: Super intellect is not abnormal Violate Social Norms: Changes over time and different cultures have different views |
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Limitations of Characteristics Cause Distress Cause Impairment |
Cause Distress: This can be normal Cause Impairment: Some people with mental disorders are highly functional |
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Emile Kraeplin
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first classification based of systematic empirical observations You either have it or you don't Extreme versions of normal behaviour |
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Famous People and mental disorders
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Churchhill & Van Gough = Depression Howard Hughes = OCD Jannice Jofflin = Substance abuse |
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DSM-5
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Categorical, First in 1952 Defines line between normal and abnormal Dissociative Identity disorder: Two or more distinct states and memory variation |
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3 Aims of Abnormal Psychology
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1. Describe Mental Disorder 2. Understand the causes of mental disorder 3. Develop effective treatments for mental disorder |
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Genetics in Psychopathology
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Tend to run in families COMP=Chromosone 21, brakes down dopamine VCSF = 25% in Schizophrenia Fragile X = 5% of all diagnoses of autism |
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Neurochemistry & Mental disorders Seratonin & Dopamine |
Setotonin= Low in Depression patients Dopamine = High in Schizophrenia patients |
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Brain Abnormalities & Mental Disorders Cortical Thickness & Hyperactivity |
Cortical Thickness = Decrease in Bipolar 1 Hyperactivity = Increase in OCD |
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Limitations of Biological Accounts
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Mental disorders are invariable polygenetic (no single gene) No mental disorder is close to being highly hereditable. Do not account environment |
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Insel 1988
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2x group of money, control vs no control control = anger reaction no control = fear when given benzodiazepines agonist |
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Diathesis-Stress Model
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Gene x Environment Mental disorders can be activated with environmental stressors |
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Psychoanalytic Model
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ID (Aggressive Drives) Ego (Moderated ID and Superego) Superego (Values instilled by parents) |
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Behavioural Accounts Classical Conditioning |
Mental disorders from Maladaptive learned responses Law of Effect: Satisfying outcome = more likely to be repeated Positive & Negative Reinforcement |
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Behavioural Accounts Modelling |
Learning through experience of others Bobo Doll: Child copies parents actions Substance abuse higher in those who experienced abuse |
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Cognitive Accounts
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Events =/= Concequences Becks ABC model Activate events Beliefs Concequences |
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Cognitive Accounts How are mental illnesses caused? |
Caused and maintained through maladaptive beliefs/interpretations
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Cognition Distortion
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1. Personalization 2. Black and white thinkinh 3. Emotional reasoning |
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Treatments for Mental Disorder Historical |
Trepanning (hole in brain) Mosquito therapy lobotomy (incision into prefrontal lobe) |
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Treatments for Mental Disorder Biological |
Target Brain abnormalities directly |
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Treatments for Mental Disorder Biological |
Anti-Depressants: SSRIs (Prozac) act on Seratonin Anxiolytics (Anti-Anxiety): Valium (Benzodiazepines) Act on GABA |
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Treatments for Mental Disorder Biological |
Anti-Psychotics: Olanzapine (Zyprexa): Act on Dopamine Mood Stabilizers: Lithium & anticonvulsants Act on GABA & Glutamate |
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Treatments for Mental Disorder Extra Biological Therapies |
Electro-Convulsive Therapy (ECT): Current passes through brain, for severe Depression Deep Brain Stimulation: Electrode plates on ventral Striatum, for OCD |
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Treatments for Mental Disorder Psychological Therapies |
- Target Maladaptive Behaviour & Thoughts - Target abnormality indirectly - Psychoanalysis, Behaviour, Cognitive |
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Treatments for Mental Disorder Psychoanalysis |
- Arise from overuse of defense mechanisms - Allow unconscious conflict to be conscious |
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Lil Hans
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Afraid of white horses with black noses Intepreted he was afraid his father would castrate him |
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Critics of Psychoanalysis
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- Non Directive - Takes long time - Limited effectiveness |
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Humanistic Therapy
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Carl Rogers: Show unconditional positive regard - Listen, reflect, emphasise |
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Critics of Humanistic Therapy
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Questionable against severe mental disorders - OCD, Bipolar 1, Schizophrenia |
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Behavioural Therapy Focus on 3 main points |
1. Extinguish maladaptive learned associations 2. Prevent Reinforcement of Maladaptive Behaviours 3. Reinforcement of Adaptive Behaviours Change Clients behaviour so they can change their cognition |
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Exposure Techniques
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Exposing people to their fears enable extinction to occur Avoidance of feared stimulus = maintained anxiety Graded exposure or Flooding |
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Operant Conditioning
Rewarding Adaptive Behaviour |
Cocaine abusers tested 3x time a week for 9 weeks
Clean urine rewarded with voucher. People which made money stopped using cocaine |
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Behavioural Activation |
Therapist gets patient engaged in mastery based activities Effective in Severe Depression |
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Treatments for Mental Disorder Cognitive Therapy |
A=Activating Event B=Belief C=Concequences - Challenging unrealistic or unhelpful beliefs |
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Where Mental Disorders arise Beck & Ellis |
Beck: cognitive distortion and maladaptive cognitive styles Ellis: Irrational thoughts |
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Thought Challenging |
belief: "fast heartrate will kill me" more realistic: My heart is strong, it can handle it |
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Cognitive Therapy Behavioural Experiment Panic |
"fast heartrate will kill me"- Run up stairs with patient, show its safe |
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Cognitive Therapy Behavioural Experiment Social Anxiety |
Jane needs to wash hands 30x a day because she thinks they are dirty Make her not do this and see there are no repercussions |
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Third Wave Therapy |
1. Behavioural Therapy 2. Cognitive Therapy 3. Mindfulness-based therapy - |
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Mindfulness-based therapy |
Focuses on non-judgement and acceptance Allow thoughts to come and go Not too much importance on individual thoughts |
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Which Therapy is best |
Cognitive Therapy: Anxiety & Mood Pharmacotherapy: Bipolar 1 & Schizophrenia Psychotherapy and pharmacotherpy is more effective than either in isolation |
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Autism |
1 in 1000, 5x more common in boys Spectrum 0.5%, 15x more common in boys |
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Genes and Autism |
'Autism' 58% Autism Spectrum 77% |
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DSM-5 criteria for Autism |
Deficits in 1. Social-emotional reciprocity 2. non-verbal communication 3. Developing and maintaining relationships |
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Autism |
Cannot scan faces Mind-blinded: Cannot represent mental state of others Weak central coherence: perceive parts not whole |
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Treatments for Autism |
Camera in Head Emotional Recognition |
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Anxiety Facts and symptoms |
Bodily tension and apprehension about the future fight or flight increased heart rate, blood pressure, sweating, hyperventilation |
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Difference in anxiety and anxiety disorder |
Intensity, duration functional impairment and distress |
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Anxiety Disorders |
20% lifetime, 10% point prevenence panic, specific, social, OCD |
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Panic Disorder |
1. Recurring panic attack 2. Concern about having another panic attack with or without agoraphobia |
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Why panicked? |
Intepretation of normal sensation in catastrophic ways Faulty intepretation lead to anxiety, worsening symptoms |
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Specific Phobia |
Specific object that interferes with ability to function Exposure provoked intense anxiety |
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Social Anxiety Disorder |
Persistent fear of social situations Must interfer in individuals life provokes intense anxiety - public speaking, transport, parties |
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OCD |
3% Mild, 0.5% Severe Obsession: recurrent unwanted thought Compulsion: Repetitive behavior to push obsession out of mind |
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Physical and Mental Compulsion |
Physical: Stove checking, hand washing Mental: counting, praying |
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Pharmacological Treatments for Anxiety Disorders |
Anti-Depressants: SSRIs (Prozac) act on Serotonin Anxiolytics (Anti-Anxiety): Valium (Benzodiazepines) Act on GABA |
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Other Treatments for Anxiety |
Cogntivie Behavioural Therapy
Cognitive restructuring |
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Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) |
One or More major depressive episode Can be single or recurrent episode |
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Major Depressive Disorder symptoms |
1. Depressed Mood 2. Loss of Pleasure Others include: fatigue, weightloss, insomnia, hypoinsomnia |
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MDD Stats |
Life prevalence 15-20% point prevalence 10% 1 million australians. females 2x likely |
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Persistent Depressive Disorder Dysthymia |
milder, more chronic 0.5% prevalence atleast 2 years long |
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What Causes depression |
Serotonin heavily implicated Gene x Environmental interactions Uncontrollability Maladaptive Cognitive styles, irrational beliefs |
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Seligman & Maier |
Dogs that could not escape initially did not escape (only 25% did) Depression is underpinned by maladaptive learning |
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Alloys & Abramson |
Healthy patients believe they have control over things which they don't MDD patients were accurate that they didn't have control |
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Treatments for MDD Biological |
Serotonin Agonist: SSRIs ECT for severe depression |
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Treatments for MDD Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) |
- Behavioural activation (Mastery activity) - Cognitive restructuring |
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Bipolar Disorders |
Abnormally low and high moods Manic Episodes: persistent irritable mood - talkative, excessive ideas |
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Bipolar 1 |
atleast 1 manic episode 12 months long, 1% equal gender ration |
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Bipolar 2 |
Hypomanic Episodes alternate with MDE's MDE not necessary for diagnosis 12 months 0.8% |
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Cyclothymia |
Milder more chronic version of Bipolar 0.4%-1% hypermanic and hypodepression 2 years long |
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Treatments for Bipolar Disorders |
Biological: Lithium, anti-psychotics, anti-convulsants Psychological: CBT |
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Schizophrenia |
0.7% prevalence, 1 in 100 10x suicide rate 10% homeless people have schizophrenia |
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3 Factor model of Schizphrenia |
1. Delusions 2. Disorganisation 3. Negative Symptoms |
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First Rank Symptoms |
Schneider suggested FRS are common symptoms of SZ - audible thoughts, voice arguing, delusion of control |
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Corollary Discharges |
Neural copies of motor signals Schizophrenia |
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Causes of Schizophrenia |
Highly heretable Drugs, amphetamines increase risk 10x. Increases level of dopamine |
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Dopamine and Psychosis |
All anti-psychotic medications block dopamine D2 receptors |
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Treatments for Schizophrenia |
Biological: Antipsychotics most effective Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) |
