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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Statistical infrequencies normality vs abnormality |
Normal behaviour occurs more frequently than abnormal therefore this approach uses averages to determine 'normal behaviour' and any deviations from this average is considered abnormal. Problems -hard to qualitatively measure behaviour as it can be subjective -cultural differences in behaviour means that a behaviour may be considered abnormal in one culture but normal in another -approach suggest that conformity is normal behaviour however some non -conforming behaviour is valuable-some statistically rare behaviours (e.g. genius) are healthy and desired-common illnesses like depression don't break norms in some countries -how much deviation= abnormal? |
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Deviation from social norms normality vs abnormality |
norms are standards set by society that are expected to be followed. These are considered rules for appropriate and inappropriate behaviour. Those who violate these rules are considered abnormal. Problems -no universal definition of abnormal (as norms vary) -norms change with time (something abnormal may become normal and vice versa) -One sided view. Only one's own set of standards are seen as normal. |
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Deviation from mental health normality vs abnormality |
The concept of "ideal mental health" condition suggested by Jahonda. Any deviation from this is abnormal. Jahonda defined defined abnormality as: -High self esteem -ability to cope with stress -independence -ability to keep interpersonal relationships -capacity of personal growth -realistic perception Problems -Does not define abnormality effectively (eg babies and elderly aren't independent but this is normal behaviour)-not many people can say they have ideal mental health-culturally based (e.g. independence is is a western virtue)-Many believe that unrealistic positivity is a virtue-Taylor and Brown stated that depressed people have a more realistic view of the world |
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Culture Cultural consideration in diagnosis |
1. Different cultures have different attitudes to psychological disorders 2. Cultural bias (certain symptoms are not observed due to unfamiliarity in particular culture) 3. Culture-bound syndromes could be difficult to recognise by other cultures Emic- Relativist approach Etic- universalist approach Misdiagnosis- |
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Cooper et al Cultural consideration in diagnosis |
Aim: to investigate the reliability of diagnosisof depression and schizophrenia. Process: American and British psychiatrists were shown clinical interviewtapes. Results: Americans diagnosed schizophrenia twice as much as they diagnoseddepression but British diagnosed depression twice as much as they diagnosedschizophrenia. Conclusion: Same cases do not get diagnosed the same indifferent countries. Cultures interpret symptoms differently which leads toproblems with reliability |
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Ethics Ethical considerations of diagnosis |
Self-fulfilling prophecy: internalising symptoms and therefore heightening them Confirmation bias: clinicians may ignore symptoms that contradicts their diagnosis and focus on symptoms that confirm it Considerations of normality/abnormality: wrong to diagnose someone who is not ill and wrong to not treat someone who is Correct diagnosis and treatment: reliability and validity. |
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Rosenhan Ethical considerations of diagnosis |
Aim:to challenge validity and reliability of diagnosis and investigate the effectsof labellingProcess: 5 male, 4 female. Made appointments at psych ward and claimedthey heard voices. Once inside they behaved normally. Results: 7-52 days to be discharged- labelled as schizo. None of the staffsuspected their normality but some patients did. Living conditions were poorand records were not kept confidential. Conclusion: overlaps in behaviour of sane and insane (eg sandness and anger).In the ward, everyday behaviours viewed under labels.Evaluation:-Very controversial-ethical issues(deception)-high ecological validity (field and covert) |
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Major depression Symptoms |
Affective disorder- dysfunctional mood Affective: distress and sadness, loss of interess Behavioural: disturbed sleep, avoidance of social company Cognitive: worthlessness, guilt, difficulty concentrating, cognitive triad (Beck) Somatic: fatigue, loss of energy, weight loss/gain, headaches, pains, loss of appetite |
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Major depression Biological factors |
Serotonin hypothesis: as suggested by Coopen, depression is caused by low levels of serotonin, antidepressants increase the amount of serotonin in synaptic gap. Evaluation: evidence that serotonin may be involved in depression but there is no clear scientific link between serotonin levels and depression Genetic predisposition: Based on the assumption that disorders have a genetic origin. Those with a genetic predisposition of depression have a higher chance of being diagnosed with depression.
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Caspi et al. Biological factors of depression (genetics) |
Process: 5-Htt gene influences level of serotonin (controls mood).Researchers compared participants with normal 5-HTT gene and participants withmutation of it that made it shorter. Result: Found that mutation carriers + people who have experienced manystressful events were more likely to become depressed than those whoexperienced stress with the longer allele. 5-HTT may indicate vulnerability toto depression from stress Conl.:Being genetically predispositioned to depression does not mean that that personwill develop depression. Eval.: Results from genetic tests may result inpersonal stress someone may choose not to have children. Not all people withgene have depression- cannot be attributed to gene + people without genemutation also have depression. Correlation- not cause-effect. |
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Major depression Cognitive factors |
Cognitive triad: negative veiws of the word, negative views of the future, negative views of self Evaluation: effective at describing many characteristics of depression, however it is hard to say if negative thoughts cause depression or depression causes negative thoughts |
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Beck Negative cognitive triad |
Explanation:People’s conscious thoughts are influenced by negative cognitive schemas aboutthe self and the world (Depressogenic schemas). This results in negativeautomatic thoughts and dysfunctional beliefs. This explanation is contrary totraditional theories about depression where negative thinking is seen as asymptom of depression and not the cause. Evaluation: -theory is effective in describing manycharacteristics of depression, -it is difficult to confirm that it is thenegative thinking patterns that cause depression but there has been someempirical support of the causal aspects of the theory. |
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Major depression Sociocultural factors |
Social factors like poverty or living in a violent relationship has been connected with depression. Women are also more likely to be diagnosed with depression which has been linked with being responsible for many children and lack of social support. |
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Brown and Harris Sociocultural factors of depression |
Aim: find outthe social origins of depression in women Process: studiedwomen who received hospital treatment for depression. 458 women between18-65. Findings: 82% had recently experienced life-changing events. And thosewith young children more likely to have depression. Conclusion: severe life events are more likely to trigger depression Evaluation: relatively large sample, all female non-generalizable, andreductionist. |
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Bulimia Nervosa Symptoms |
Eating disorder- eating patterns that lead to excessive or inssuficient intake of food Affective: feeling inadequacy, guilt, shame Behavioural: binge eating, forced vomiting, laxatives, exercise, or diet to control weight Cognitive: negative self image, perfectionism, Somatic: erosion of tooth enamel, stomach/intestine problems, |
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Bulimia Nervosa Biological factors |
Genetic predisposition: Based on the assumption that disorders have a genetic origin. Those with a genetic predisposition of depression have a higher chance of being diagnosed with bulimia Evaluation: Genetic vulnerability may predispose an individual but other factors trigger the disorder and it is important to investigate environmental factors that might interact with the genetic predisposition. |
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Kendler et al. Biological factors of bulimia (genetics) |
Aim:To investigaterisk factors and genetic inheritance in bulimia nervosa Procedure:A sample of2,000 female twins. One of the twins in each pair haddeveloped bulimia. The study was longitudinal. Interviews with the twins to see if the other twin would develop bulimia Results:Overall theconcordance rate for bulimia was 23 % in MZ twins compared to 9% in DZ twins. Evaluation: The results indicate a heritability of 55%, but this leaves 45% for other factors. No control, so it is not possible to establish a cause-effect relationship. The participants were all women so the findings cannot be generalized to men. It is also questionable whether twins are representative of the population. The study does not take environmental factors into account. It could be that twins grow up in the same dysfunctional environment. |
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Bulimia Nervosa Cognitive factors |
Body- image disortion hypothesis: The cognitive dilusion that the person is fat. Weight-related schemata model: eating disorders develop from distorted belief that looking thin results in worthiness and attractiveness. |
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Fallon and Rozin Cognitive factors of bulimia |
Aim: to discoverwhether there is a gender difference in the perception of body imageProcess: usundergrad students figures of their own sex and asked to indicate the ones thatlooked more like themselves, most like their idea figure and most attractive toopposite sex.Findings: men chosesimilar body shapes to their own. Women chose thinner bodies than their own. Conclusion: women are more susceptible to eating disorders as there is agender difference in perception of body image |
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Bulimia Nervosa Sociocultural factors |
Cultural ideals influence the perceptions of perfect body. In the West, images of ideal bodies have become thin. Self-evaluation can majorly be influenced by body shape |
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Makino et al Cultural factors of bulimia |
Comparedprevalence of ed in western vs non western countries and found that they are onrise in non but still lower than western. Development of ed in non may be fromsocial pressure to conform to western beauty standards |
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Levine et al Sociocultural factors of bulimia |
Investigated the relationship between sociocultural factors andeating attitudes and behaviors. -In the USA, 385 middle school girls (aged 10–14 years) answered questions about eating behavior, body satisfaction, concern with being slender, parents’ and peers’ attitudes, and magazines with regard to weight management techniques and the importance of being thin. -The majority of the respondents said they received clear messages from fashion magazines, peers and family members that it is important to be slim. They also said that the same sources encouraged dieting or other methods to keep a slender figure. The study found two important factors in the drive for thinness and disturbed patterns of eating: (1) reading magazines containing information about ideal body shapes and weight management and (2) weight-related or shape-related teasing or criticism by family. The results indicate that body dissatisfaction and weight concerns reflect sociocultural ideals of a female role and raises the possibility that some adolescent girls live in a subculture of intense weight and body-image concern that places them at risk for disordered eating behavior such as bulimia nervosa. |
