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74 Cards in this Set
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Dissociative Disorder
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involve an individual being unaware of, or losing contact with, important aspects of his or her personality or surroundings. A common assumption is that people with these disorders are dissociating (escaping) from parts of their personalities or aspects of their environments that give rise to stress.----DSM IV says “disruption in the usually integrated functions of consciousness, memory, identity, or perception of the environment.”
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Name and Describe a Specific Dissociative disorder
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depersonalization. This disorder involves feeling detached from one's body or mental processes. For example, the person may feel as though he or she is in a dream or is viewing himself or herself from a distance. Sometimes a person with depersonalization disorder will have extremely odd perceptions. For example, a person may feel as though some body parts had changed size or shape. These odd perceptions may sound like delusions. However, in depersonalization the person recognizes that the perceptions are not true, whereas for a delusion the same perceptions would be regarded as true by the person with them.
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Define Systematic Desensitization
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type of behavior therapy used in the field of psychology to help effectively overcome phobias and other anxiety disorders. The process of systematic desensitization occurs in three steps. The first step of systematic desensitization is the identification of an anxiety inducing stimulus hierarchy. The second step is the learning of relaxation or coping techniques. Once the individual has been taught these skills, he or she must use them in the third step to react towards and overcome situations in the established hierarchy of fears. The goal of this process is for the individual to learn how to cope with, and overcome the fear in each step of the hierarchy.
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What is Adjustment Disorder
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An adjustment disorder (AD) occurs when an individual is unable to adjust to or cope with a particular stressor, like a major life event. Since people with this disorder normally have symptoms that depressed people do, such as general loss of interest, feelings of hopelessness and crying, this disorder is sometimes known as situational depression. Unlike major depression the disorder is caused by an outside stressor and generally resolves once the individual is able to adapt to the situation.[1] One hypothesis for adjustment disorder is that it may represent a sub-threshold clinical syndrome.[2]
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What are the symptoms of Adjustment disorder?
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he essential feature of an adjustment disorder is a maladaptive response to an identifiable stressor that occurs within 3 months after the onset of the stressor.(maladaptive meaning abnormal)
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The Psychometric Properties of a Good Test: Explain Standardization
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a test is standardized if the procedures for administering the test are specific and clearly described, so that each person is given the test in exactly the same way. Also, it has to do with having a way to evaluate an individual's performance on a test by comparing that person’s performance to the performance of other people.
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The Psychometric Properties of a Good Test: Explain Reliability
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Reliability has to do with consistency and dependability of test scores. There are several types of reliability. One type of reliability described in the textbook is called test-retest reliability and basically assesses the extent to which test scores remain stable over time
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The Psychometric Properties of a Good Test: Explain Validity
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Tests are valid when they measure what they are intended to measure. Here again, there are several types of validity. One type of validity has to do with the extent to which the scores for a text are highly correlated with some other measure of the same characteristic. This type of validity is called criterion validity
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What are the common symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder?
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1. re-experiencing of the traumatic event. -can be distressing dreams, or it can take other forms such as intrusive memories or the feeling at times as though the person was back in the traumatic situation. 2.avoidance of stimuli associated with the traumatic event. 3. increased sympathetic nervous system arousal, which is the set of physiological symptoms of extreme anxiety that is found for most anxiety disorders. 4.numbing of general responsiveness
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What is the Behavioral Model?
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focuses on explaining abnormal behavior as something that the person has learned to do. In other words, when environmental events have led the person to have unfortunate learning experiences, then abnormal behavior may occur.
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What is the Biological Model?
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seeks to relate abnormal behavior and mental processes to events taking place inside the human body, particularly to the activity of the brain and nervous system
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Describe two common features of projective tests that set them apart from objective tests of personality.
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Projective tests- 1. The stimulus material is ambiguous. 2. There is freedom of response. Projective techniques allow the person to put much more of himself or herself into the responses. 3. Assessment is indirect. Test subjects are not asked directly about themselves. Instead, the purposes of the tests are disguised.
The most widely used projective test is the Rorschach Test; Objective tests of personality are questionnaires in which the person report attitudes, reactions and feelings. The administration of an objective test is relatively simple and the scoring is easy. Some objective tests of personality provide only a single score for the trait measured by the test. |
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What is the Psychoanalytic Model?
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the basic assumption of the psychoanalytic model is that behavior stems from unconscious mental processes--such as wishes and fears that the person is unaware of.
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Behavioral Genetics vs. Molecular Genetics
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Behavioral genetics consists of studies that allow us to determine whether genes play a role in bringing about certain mental disorders. They do not examine chromosomes and genes directly, but allow us to make judgments about the importance of genes. Molecular genetics is a newer type of research that aims to identify the specific genes that are associated with particular mental disorders
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Describe Malingering
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is a conscious attempt to fake the symptoms of a disease. Whenever there is some clear gain for being ill, a few people will attempt to fake illness. A person might fake illness to avoid work, to obtain drugs, or to receive financial compensation
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Describe an indication, which you might notice in examining and interviewing the patient, that would suggest that a patient had a conversion disorder and not a physical disability or disease. (2 points)
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Conversion disorder involves the loss of normal bodily functioning without any underlying organic basis. 1. The patient with conversion disorder may have little anxiety or fear despite a dramatic loss of functioning such as blindness or a paralyzed arm. 2.Frequently the symptoms in conversion disorder do not conform exactly to the symptoms of a disease. For example, if you had a paralyzed arm, the muscles in that arm would atrophy or waste away. If a physician examined a person with a paralyzed arm and there was no atrophy of the muscles, the physician should probably consider the possibility of conversion disorder
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Explain what the term diathesis means.
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a hereditary or constitutional predisposition to a disease or other disorder. The diathesis-stress model is a psychological theory that attempts to explain behavior as a predispositional vulnerability together with stress from life experiences
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Explain the meaning of the terms “positive symptoms” and “negative symptoms.” in Schizophrenia
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Negative symptoms are the absence of behaviors, emotions, and thought processes that are adaptive and usually expected to be present in people.
Positive symptoms are dramatic and disruptive behaviors. They are positive in the sense that they are added features that interfere with the person’s ability to function in a realistic way |
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Give an example of Negative symptoms in Schizophrenia.
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1. Blunted affect refers to the absence of any apparent emotional experience in the person with schizophrenia. 2. Anhedonia refers to the lack of the capacity to experience pleasure. 3. Individuals with schizophrenia often appear apathetic; they seem to be unable to plan effective actions and follow through on them (avolition) 4. Some individuals with schizophrenia show an absence of speech(alogia). Even though they can talk, they do not.
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Give an Example of Positive symptoms of Schizophrenia.
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1. The person may have bizarre delusions of persecution or grandeur. 2. Hallucinations may occur. The most frequent hallucinations in schizophrenia are auditory hallucinations, but visual hallucinations sometimes occur, especially in severe schizophrenia.3. Disorganized thinking and language. Language is incoherent and disconnected reflecting the chaotic thinking of a person with schizophrenia
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The primary symptoms of depression are mood symptoms, but depression also involves cognitive, motor (behavioral), and physical symptoms. Describe an example for each of these three types of symptoms of depression.
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Cognitive- Low self-esteem, Impaired thinking
Motor- Psychomotor retardation, Psychomotor agitation. Some individuals who are depressed show a pattern of extreme restlessness. Physical- Disturbed sleep, Disturbed eating patterns, Loss of interest in sex, Increase in physical illnesses |
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Describe the main diagnostic criteria that anorexia nervosa.
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The central feature of anorexia nervosa is abnormal thinness. Despite their low body weight, women with anorexia have an intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat. The third diagnostic criterion is that the person has at least one of these three characteristics: a distortion in the way that she perceives her body weight or shape, placing undue importance on her weight or body shape as a measure of her self-worth, or denying the seriousness of her low body weight.
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Define the term “sexual dysfunction.” Describe a common sexual dysfunction for men and a common sexual dysfunction for women.
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disorders in which there is a problem at some point during the sexual response cycle. Men- male erectile disorder, premature ejaculation. For females, common sexual dysfunctions often involve a lack of sexual desire and difficulty having orgasms.
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When men and women drink the same amount of alcohol, women become intoxicated faster. Describe two reasons that alcohol has more of an effect on women than on men
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First, women generally weigh less than men, so the same amount of alcohol is usually concentrated in a smaller body mass for a woman. Second, even if a woman weighs the same as a man, there are differences in the composition of women’s bodies that lead alcohol to have a more powerful effect for the woman. A third physiological difference that is important involves an enzyme (alcohol dehydrogenase [ADH]) in the stomach that breaks down alcohol before it gets into the bloodstream.
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What is the main feature of anorexia nervosa?
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binge eating, compensatory behavior. Women who engage in eating binges do something to counteract the eating binge, such as vomiting and abusing laxatives, or they do something to prevent weight gain, such as exercising excessively and fasting, and a lack of self-control during the episodes of binge eating.
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Define Paraphilia
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paraphilias -- a paraphilia consists of persistent, recurrent sexual urges and sexually-arousing fantasies involving unusual objects or activities. Paraphilias represent patterns of unconventional sexual arousal. There are three categories of paraphilias: sexual arousal toward nonhuman objects (usually women’s clothing), sexual arousal toward children or nonconsenting persons, and sexual arousal related to suffering or humiliation.
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our instructor explained that low levels of serotonin increase the risk of suicide in two different ways. Describe them
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here are two ways that low levels of serotonin increase the risk of suicide. First, low levels of serotonin lead to depression, and depression increases the risk of suicide. Second, low levels of serotonin lead to aggression, both violence toward others and suicidal behavior. Low levels of serotonin weaken inhibitions against impulsive and aggressive behavior.
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No single symptom is always found in schizophrenia; two individuals with schizophrenia may have different symptoms. What is common to all persons with schizophrenia (besides the persistence of symptoms for at least 6 months)?
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hallucinations and disorganized thinking
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Explain what gender identity disorder is
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an inconsistency between one's biological sex and one's gender identity that leads to distress or dysfunction. Gender identity is the personal understanding that each of us starts to have around the age of 3 that we are either male or female.
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Individuals with schizophrenia who take antipsychotic medication are often also helped by psychological treatments. Describe one form of psychological treatment that has been helpful for individuals with schizophrenia. Be specific about what is done in that form of treatment.
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. Psychoeducation. Several types of information are often helpful to individuals with schizophrenia and their family members. When the families of individuals with schizophrenia are given information about this disorder, it often reduces their distress and helps them begin to make realistic plans for the future.
One aim of psychoeducation is to prepare the individuals with schizophrenia to leave the hospital and re-enter their home environment. Therefore, the treatment team may focus on the practical demands that the individual will face, such as getting a job, self-care (cooking and grooming), and managing money. |
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What is the most important difference between dysthymic disorder and major depression?
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Generally, major depression has more intense or more severe forms of the same symptoms as dysthymic disorder.
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Describe three different symptoms of antisocial personality disorder.
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Irresponsible and impulsive behavior-Persons with antisocial personality disorder seek to gratify their needs and desires immediately. They have trouble following the rules of fairness, and they do not work for future rewards. 2. Lack of anxiety and guilt-do not feel guilty when their behavior violates the rights of other people. lack of an internal sense of right and wrong. 3. Ability to impress and exploit others- Some individuals are exceptionally charming and persuasive.They often appear to be friendly and caring, but their actions are geared to getting what they want from other people. 4. Rejection of authority and inability to profit from experience. Repeated difficulties with law/punishments. 5. Inability to have lasting relationships with other people. may make friends easily but they do not allow intimacy to develop and they do not develop lasting loyalties.
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Diagnostic Criteria for Mental Retardation
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significantly below average intellectual functioning. The person with intellectual disability does less well than expected on a variety of tasks requiring intelligence. concurrent deficits in adaptive functioning- practical skills needed by a person to cope with the requirements of daily life. onset of symptoms before age 18
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Describe two common symptoms of delirium
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disturbance in conscious awareness of one’s surroundings and a decreased ability to focus attention. Also, disorientation (disturbance in thinking)
- disorganized behavior and speech - perceptual disturbances - restlessness - disturbed, shifting emotions |
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Describe the two key aspects of the appraisal process when a person is faced with a significant stressor.
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First, the person thinks about how much harm the stressor may cause. [Give examples] The second aspect of appraisal is the person’s understanding of what can be done to cope with the stressful situation. “Appraisal” simply means a process of making judgments or evaluations.
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There are three categories of symptoms in autistic disorder (autism). Describe two of them
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Deficits in social relatedness: Individuals with autism are often unresponsive to other people. Impairments in communication: Children who have autism either lack any use of spoken language or their use of language is delayed. The lack of language skills is a danger signal. Restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped behaviors: Children with autism often insist that their routine and the arrangement of objects in their environment stay the same
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echolalia
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repeating what others have just said to them
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describe three major reasons behind the movement to treat individuals in the community rather than in hospitals.
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Deinstitutionalization is based on the belief that people with mental disorders and intellectual disability can be treated more effectively in the community instead of being treated in large institutions. One reason for deinstitutionalization has been concern about the negative effects of being in a psychiatric hospital, also potential advantages to providing treatment in the community. For example, patients can more readily receive the social support of family and friends in their home community.
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In Texas, having a mental disorder is not sufficient grounds for involuntary commitment to a psychiatric hospital. What else must be true to justify committing a person with a mental disorder to a hospital for treatment?
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The primary standard for civil commitment is that the person is dangerous to self or to others. [Refer to Texas law] Involuntary commitment begins by contacting the police or a county judge
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There are three main sets of symptoms of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Describe them.
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inattentiveness- Children with this disorder have trouble concentrating and focusing their attention, so they are easily distracted if there is anything else going on around them. hyperactivity. Children with this disorder are full of energy, but they do not always direct that energy in productive directions. impulsive behavior. Children with this disorder often act before they think about the consequences of their behavior.
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Personality disorders can be divided into trait disorders and marginal disorders. Explain what marginal disorders are
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are more serious and involve symptoms that are similar to those found in psychotic disorders, such as delusional disorder and schizophrenia.
Marginal disorders -- paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal, and borderline. |
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Describe the two requirements that must be satisfied for defendants to be mentally competent for trial in Texas.
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The defendant must be able to help an attorney defend him. In addition, the defendant must understand the nature and purpose of the court proceedings. For example, the defendant must be able to understand the charges against him
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According to your instructor, what is the most common psychological response when people are faced with stressful events?
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anxiety, which can range from mild apprehension to terrifying fear. One reason for this surprise is that anxiety is often only one part of the person's emotional response, and the anxiety may not be present initially.
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The Type A behavior pattern contributes to the development of coronary artery disease. Which component of the Type A behavior pattern is the most significant predictor of heart disease?
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People with the Type A behavior pattern have a chronically high level of stress and also are at risk for heart disease. People with the Type A behavior pattern have several related characteristics. They are competitive and strongly motivated for achievement. They have such a strong sense of time urgency that they are impatient. In their dealings with other people, they are also angry and aggressive. This hostility is the key characteristic of the Type A behavior pattern. Hostility by itself is closely related to heart disease because it leads to a chronically high level of arousal (high blood pressure and rapid heart rate).
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Define the term “personality disorder.”
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Personality disorders are long-lasting patterns of thinking and behavior that cause significant distress or significant impairment in social or occupational functioning. individuals with personality disorders may have personal distress, but they may cause other people to be more distressed than they are themselves.
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From a physiological perspective, abnormal behavior is often caused by problems with the transmission of nerve impulses across the synapses in the nervous system. Describe two other factors that regulate synaptic transmission other than production
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Catabolism. The presynaptic neuron releases a neurotransmitter, but there are mechanisms that prevent too much of the neurotransmitter from building up in the synapse.
Reuptake. Some of the neurotransmitter is reabsorbed by the presynaptic neuron before it can stimulate the postsynaptic neuron |
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The Tarasoff ruling established the priniciple that when a counselor learns that a client intends to harm another person, the counselor must notify the police and must also warn the intended victim. Does that principle apply to counselors in Texas?
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There is no duty to warn in Texas. In 1999, the Texas Supreme Court ruled that psychologists and other counselors are not required to do anything if they believe that a client poses a danger to a third party. Professionals are permitted to notify the police, but they are not required to do so. Of most importance, professionals are not permitted “to warn third parties who may be at risk.” If you are a counselor in Texas and one of your clients threatens to harm someone else, warning that person is a violation of the state’s confidentiality law
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How do those professionals define moderate drinking of alcohol for a person like you?
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moderate drinking is no more than two drinks a day for young men and no more than one drink a day for women and older men
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Describe two different, effective ways in which people can manage stress
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Active coping strategies- DEAL DIRECTLY WITH THE PROBLEM or stressful situation. When we are confronted with a problem, it is best to find some direct way of solving that problem.
re-evaluating the personal meaning of a situation. Many times a situation is stressful for us in part because of the way that we think about it.. expressing feelings and seeking support from other people. Women are more likely than men to use this type of active coping. also- engaging in a healthy lifestyle |
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What is Social Anxiety DIsorder (Social Phobia)
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severe fear of social situations or situations where other people will observe the person performing some task. A person with social anxiety disorder is afraid that he or she will do something that will lead to embarrassment or humiliation. The most common example of social anxiety disorder is fear of public speaking
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What are symptoms of Major Depression
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Diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day.
Low self-esteem Feelings of worthlessness, or excessive or inappropriate guilt nearly everyday • diminished interest or pleasure in all, or almost all, activities • fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day • preoccupation with death and suicide |
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What is Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
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-- involves recurrent obsessions or compulsions that are time-consuming and cause either significant distress or significant impairment in daily functioning
Obsessions are ideas, images, or impulses that individuals cannot get out of their minds. We are not talking about everyday worries. Common obsessions are thoughts about contamination, doubts -- Compulsions are repetitive behaviors or mental acts that are used by a person to prevent or reduce distress. Common compulsions are hand washing, checking, and either repeating words or counting silently to oneself. |
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What is Hypochondriasis?
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person has fears or concerns that he might have a serious illness. In hypochondriasis, it is often difficult to get a specific description of the symptoms. It often appears that as the person's attention shifts from area to area of the body, the person reports a shifting pattern of symptoms. Another important point about hypochondriasis is that most individuals with this disorder also have anxiety disorders or depression.
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What is Secondary Insomnia?
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the person’s trouble in getting enough sleep or in getting restful sleep is due to some other problem. There are several causes of secondary insomnia. They include medical conditions such as severe pain, distressing emotions such as anxiety and depression, and the use of drugs that interfere with sleep. When a person has secondary insomnia, the best way to treat the person’s troubles with sleep is usually to treat the problem producing insomnia.
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Antisocial Personality DIsoder
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characterized by a pervasive pattern of disregard for, or violation of, the rights of others. There may be an impoverished moral sense or conscience and a history of crime, legal problems, impulsive and aggressive behavior
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What is Dementia?
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main symptom of dementia is impaired memory. For example, the person may not be able to learn new information and may also have difficulty recalling information that has been learned in the past. Dementia always involves memory problems, and at least one other cognitive impairment. Here are the possible other impairments in dementia:
- language disturbance, ranging from having trouble remembering the names for common objects to having trouble forming clear communications - impaired ability to carry out common behaviors (using a fork to eat, combing hair) despite having no limitations in physical movements - being unable to recognize people or common objects despite having no limitations in sensory functions - impairment in abstract thinking - difficulty in planning, carrying out, and monitoring complex behavior |
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What is Schizophrenia?
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mental disorder characterized by a breakdown of thought processes and by impaired emotional responses.[1] Common symptoms are delusions including paranoia and auditory hallucinations, disorganized thinking reflected in speech, and a lack of emotional intelligence.
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Dementia Continued
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Here are three more points to remember about dementia: The cognitive deficits in dementia always represent a decline from a previous level of functioning. Second, dementia and delirium can occur together, but when dementia occurs by itself, there is no disturbance of attention or conscious awareness. The last important point is that some people do not benefit at all from the medication that is designed to slow down the progression of dementia.
The most common type of dementia is Alzheimer’s disease, which is dementia caused by a specific pattern of brain deterioration (twisted protein fibers within neurons and protein deposits between them). Dementia can also be caused by vascular disease where the blood supply to parts of the brain has been cut off and those parts of the brain have died. Two other causes of dementia are HIV and head trauma. |
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Define Agoraphobia
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is of being in places or situations where the person would feel unprotected if that person suddenly became anxious. For example, the people may only feel safe in their homes or when a close friend or family member accompanies them out in public
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What is a Conversion Disorder
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involves the loss of normal bodily functioning without any underlying organic basis
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What is the difference between generalized anxiety disorder and Phobia
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A phobia is a type of anxiety. It's an irrational, unreasonable fear of an object or situation. Common phobias may be fear of the heights, dark, fear of certain animals such as snakes or spiders, or fear of blood -- some people get frightened of having their blood drawn when they go to see their doctor.
Many of us have these and often they originate in childhood. But they becomes a phobic disorder -- or known as specific phobia -- when that fear is so great and the worry about encountering a snake or a spider or a dark place makes our life miserable and makes us unable to function |
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What is a somatoform disorder? Give examples
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occur when a person has bodily symptoms or concerns about having an illness, and no basis can be found to explain the person’s symptoms or concerns. The person’s symptoms are not the result of drug use, a medical condition, or a psychological disorder, such as depression. Individuals with somatoform disorders believe their symptoms are real; they are not consciously faking illness. There are six several specific types of somatoform disorders, main ones are 1.Hypochondriasis 2. Conversion Disorder 3. Body Dysmorphic Disorder
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Describe the symptoms of Mania
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Mood – euphoria and irritability; Cognitive -- inflated self-esteem, unrealistic beliefs about what one can accomplish, and distractibility;
Motor -- excessive activity (rapid speech, hypersexuality, overspending) Somatic -- decreased need to sleep |
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Your instructor presented two explanations regarding what causes bulimia. Describe them
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One explanation focuses on cultural influences that lead to eating disorders. A variable that has been found in many research studies to be a risk factor for eating disorders is body dissatisfaction. Our culture emphasizes an ideal body shape and size that are much thinner than they used to be and are unrealistic for many women. So, many women may be frustrated because their bodies do not match our culture’s ideal body shape and size. Body dissatisfaction is also related to self-objectification.
biological and focuses on the neurotransmitter serotonin. Bulimia may be caused by low levels of serotonin. serotonin is linked to control of impulses, so that a low level of serotonin makes it more difficult for a young woman to resist the urge to go on an eating binge and to engage in vomiting or some other compensatory behavior. |
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What is the most important way in which binge eating disorder differs from bulimia nervosa?
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A person with binge eating disorder engages in regular eating binges, but does not engage in any of the compensatory behaviors that are part of bulimia nervosa.
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Depression can be caused by a low level of which two neurotransmitters?
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Two neurotransmitters that are related to depression are serotonin and norepinephrine. How does the level of these two neurotransmitters become too low? There are two possibilities. First, the person may have a low level of these two neurotransmitters because of genetic factors. Second, stress lowers the level of serotonin and norepinephrine.
If the level of a neurotransmitter is too low, there are several ways for increasing it. Many effective antidepressant medications work by slowing down the reuptake of serotonin. |
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Excessive dopamine activity is linked to which mental disorder?
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Schizophrenia
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Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) was developed originally to treat schizophrenia, but it is most effective and most commonly used in treating which mental disorder?
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Depression
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Describe two different biological causes of mental retardation (intellectual disability).
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1) Genetic-chromosomal defects can lead to moderate or severe intellectual disability. Usually intellectual disability is produced because the defect in chromosomes or genes interferes with metabolism, and the defective metabolism interferes with brain development.
2) Infections and toxic agents. Infections that cause MR can be those that the mother has during pregnancy (such as syphilis or German measles) or those that the baby has after birth (encephalitis). Two toxic agents are given special attention in the textbook. Women who drink alcohol during their pregnancy risk having a baby born with a pattern of defects called fetal alcohol syndrome. One aspect of fetal alcohol syndrome is intellectual disability. Another toxic agent causing intellectual disability is lead. Children can be exposed to lead because of their exposure to lead-based paint or because they live in an area where the air pollution includes lead that they breathe. |
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Describe the main symptom of dementia. Then, describe another common symptom of dementia.
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he main symptom of dementia is impaired memory. For example, the person may not be able to learn new information and may also have difficulty recalling information that has been learned in the past. Dementia always involves memory problems, and at least one other cognitive impairment.
anguage disturbance, ranging from having trouble remembering the names for common objects to having trouble forming clear communications - impaired ability to carry out common behaviors (using a fork to eat, combing hair) despite having no limitations in physical movements - being unable to recognize people or common objects despite having no limitations in sensory functions - impairment in abstract thinking - difficulty in planning, carrying out, and monitoring complex behavior |
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Describe an effective treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
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Stimulant medications, such as Ritalin. Stimulants increase the activity of neurons in areas of brain responsible for the control of attention and motor behavior. Stimulant medication helps a child with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder concentrate his attention better so that he can learn more at school. The medication decreases the child's activity level so that he is less of a behavior problem for his parents or his teacher.
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Personality disorders can be divided into trait disorders and marginal disorders. Describe a specific example of each type of personality disorder
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trait disorders are personality disorders in which there is an exaggeration of normal personality traits.
Trait disorders -- obsessive-compulsive, avoidant, dependent, histrionic, and narcissistic. Marginal disorders are more serious and involve symptoms that are similar to those found in psychotic disorders, such as delusional disorder and schizophrenia. Marginal disorders -- paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal, and borderline |
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What is Insomnia?
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Insomnia involves at least one of these 3 problems--difficulty getting to sleep, difficulty staying asleep long enough, or difficulty getting sleep that is restful.
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The authors of our textbook define stress one way, and your instructor presented a similar, but shorter definition. Describe one of these definition
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My definition of stress is the effects of demands placed on us to adjust or adapt. Psychologists use the term, stressor to refer to the source of stress—the demands that are placed on us or that we place on ourselves. The term, stress, is used to refer to the effect of the stressors on us.
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