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29 Cards in this Set
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Postpartum/baby blues symptoms |
Mild mood swings Irritability Tearfulness Crying spells Anxiety Decreased concentration Insomnia |
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PPD causes |
A previous MDD episode puts a woman at an increased risk of having peripartum depression. Hormonal changes due to pregnancy may also trigger PPD as well as a traumatic delivery. Moreover, situational stressors (such inadequate social support, financial problems, and marital conflict). Social support is the most impactful protective factor related to the development of PPD. |
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What are MDD symptoms for first part of PPD/PPP diagnosis? |
Depressed mood is experienced most of the day, nearly every day, as indicated either by a subjective report (e.g., feels sad, empty, or irritable) or observation made by others (e.g., appears tearful, appears sad, the individual is lashing out all the time) (this is also known as a dysphoric mood) Markedly diminished interest or pleasure in all or almost all activities for most of the day, nearly every day (as indicated by either a subjective account or observation made by others) (no longer engaging in extracurricular soccer, no longer having sex with wife, etc.) (this is anhedonia) Significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain (e.g., a change of more than 5% of body weight in a month) (also includes a major increase or decrease in appetite) Insomnia (trouble falling asleep or trouble staying asleep) (someone who falls asleep at 2 PM after being in bed for 3 hours, someone who falls asleep early but wakes up in the middle of the night) or hypersomnia (someone who requires naps throughout the day despite having slept well (8 or 9 hours of sleep is good)) nearly every day Psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day (observable by others, not merely subjective feelings of restlessness or being slowed down) (usually accompanies an irritability, i.e., someone is very tense or pacing back and forth when angry) (could make everything slower like talking, brushing teeth, and retardation usually indicates a very severe form of depression) Fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day (individual is very tired, regardless of sleep) Feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt (which may be delusional) nearly every day (feeling one is not good at anything, having low self-esteem) (feeling guilty over things that they have no control over, blaming oneself or others for something bad that happened which is unrelated) Diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day (either by subjective accounts or as observed by others) (unable to concentrate in class, not listening in conversations) (indecisive about basic decisions like what to eat or clothing to wear and it brings a lot of stress to the individual) Recurrent thoughts of death (not just fear of dying), recurrent suicidal ideation, or a suicide attempt or specific plan for committing suicide (worst symptom, person needs immediate medical attention (thoughts of wanting to harm oneself, trying to kill oneself, making a plan for suicide) |
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PPD Diagnosis symptoms |
Timing must be explained (symptoms must have taken place during pregnancy or within a year following the pregnancy). Then, the symptoms must be diagnosed (at least 1), which consist of the following: Poor fetal attachment (not feeling attached to developing baby; not being interested in going to doctor’s appointments/ultrasounds/hearing the baby’s heartbeat, not experiencing the “nesting” phenomenon) Fear of harming the baby (feeling scared to drink/eat the wrong thing, rocking baby too hard, etc.) Disinterest in the baby (notinterested in playing with the newborn, holding the baby) Inability to respond to baby’s needs (don’t attend to baby’s crying, smelling foul odour from baby but not changing the diaper - this is a form of dysfunction) Preoccupationn with baby’s health (occurs when baby is born - scared the baby is severely sick or ill, spending time sanitzing objects, spending time worrying about the baby’s every little cry, bringing baby to physician for small things, buying a breathing monitor for the baby) |
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Explain full PPP diagnosis |
Diagnose MDE, Then PPD, then PPP, and explain impairment and exclusion |
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PPP statistics |
1/1000 mothers develop PPP, 4% of those w/PPP kill infant, 5% commit suicide |
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Explain Megan's Law (2 characteristics + 3 tiers) |
As of May 1996, sex offenders released from prison must be (1) registered and (2) community notified. Tier 1 (Low risk of recidivism) - only law enforcement knows Tier 2 - law enforcement, daycares, schools, and registered agencies (with limitations) Tier 3 - Tier 2 + the general public |
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What did Christopher's law do and when? |
Institution of sex offender registry only accessible to law enforcement (equivalent to tier 1 of Megan's law), was enacted in April 2001 |
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What is the law that applies to tier 3 sex offenders in Florida? |
Sex offenders in tier 3 will be subject to Jessica's law (will have to wear GPS tracking device + cannot live near schools or daycares) |
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What are the different categories of sexual assault against adults? |
Level 1 - harms sexual integrity of victim (ranges from unwanted touching to unwanted intercourse) Minimum sentence: none Maximum Sentence: 10 years Level 2 - sexual assault with weapon or causing bodily harm Minimum sentence: none, 4 years with gun Maximum sentence: 14 years Level 3 - aggravated sexual assault (victim is seriously injured or at risk of death) Minimum sentence: none, 4 years with gun Maximum sentence: life in prison |
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What is the shield law? |
It dictates that you cannot use one's sexual history against them in the court of law |
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What are 3 common cognitive distortions among pedophiles? |
1 - children benefit from sexual contact 2 - children initiate sexual contact 3 - children derive pleasure from sexual contact |
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What are different forms of grooming that pedophiles use? |
(1) compliments ("you look cute in that dress") (2) buy gifts (in exchange for sexual favours) (3) buy alcohol & drugs (to get child inebriated) (4) threaten to expose you (show inappropriate picture, will tell child that nobody will believe them if they say anything) |
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What is sexual interference and what is the minimum/maximum sentence? Talk about the exceptions for this law. |
Sexual interference is when someone, for sexual purposes, touches (directly or indirectly), with part of the body or an object, any part of the body of a person under the age of 16 years old. Minimum sentence: 1 year in prison Maximum sentence: 14 years in prison Exceptions: this does not apply to individuals 12 or 13 years of age with someone who is no more than 2 years older, or individuals 14 to 16 years of age with someone no more than 5 years older |
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What are the 2 characteristics of beneficial consent culture for children? |
(1) Bodily autonomy - not forcing children to hug/kiss any adult (and instead to show acknowledgement in other ways) (2) Naming body parts - naming body parts the way they are instead of naming it something else (i.e. "penis" instead of "peewee"): this will eliminate shame associated with these body parts and should anything happen, children will be able to say exactly where it happened |
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What is the DSM-5 diagnosis for pedophilia (labeled as paraphilia)? |
Criterion A - over a period of at least 6 months, recurrent, intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviours involving sexual activity with a prepubescent child or children (ages 13 and younger) Criterion B - the person has either acted on these urges, or the use/fantasies cause marked distress or interpersonal difficulty Criterion C - the person is at least 16 years old and at least 5 years older than the child/ren in criterion A |
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What are the leading theories explaining the cause for pedophilia? |
(1) sexual abuse theory (50% of sex offenders have a sexual attraction to children of the same age as they were when they experienced sexual abuse or witnessed family violence) (2) Neurodevelopmental issues (abnormal serotonin/testosterone levels or decreased gray matter in orbifrontal cortex) |
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What traits will a psychopath show related to their personality? |
Factor 1: Personality "Aggressive narcissism" - Superficial charm - Grandiose sense of self-worth - Pathological lying - Manipulative/Conning - Lack of remorse or guilt - Shallow affect - Callous/lack of empathy - Failure to accept responsibility for own actions |
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What traits will psychopaths show related to their behaviour/lifestyle? |
Factor 2: Case history "Socially deviant lifestyle" - Need for stimulation/proneness to boredom - Parasitic lifestyle (lives off others) - Poor behavioural control - Lack of realistic long-term goals - Impulsivity - Irresponsibility - Juvenile delinquency - Early behaviour problems - Revocation of conditional release |
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What 3 traits of psychopathy do not relate to either personality or case history? |
Other traits: - Promiscuous sexual behaviour - Many short-term marital relationships (being married more than twice) - Criminal versatility |
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What is the cutoff score for the PCL-R test (to be labelled a psychopath) in Canada? |
Cutoff is 30, below score of 21 is non psychopath and between 22 and 29 you show psychopathic traits |
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During the "lie detector" study, how did psychopaths' response differ from non psychopaths'? |
Both showed anxious facial expression, but psychopaths would have a lower galvanic skin response (would sweat less) |
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What are the 3 main biological characteristics that differentiate psychopaths from non psychopaths? |
(1) Psychopaths have a smaller amygdala (30% smaller), thereby activity is lower and they don't pick up on emotional cues as well as a neurotypical person) (2) They have an underdeveloped prefrontal cortex (which may contribute to impulsivity and abnormal emotional behaviours) (3) The link between the prefrontal cortex and the limbic system is less strong than a neurotypical person's |
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How does one treat a psychopath? |
No treatment exists for adult psychopaths yet. However, frequent 1-on-1 contact with a therapist for children with callous-unemotional traits using a reward system for acts of kindness leads to a better outcome for children |
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Can psychopaths apply for an NCRMD/NGRI plea? |
In Canada, a NCRMD plea would not work (psychopathy is not listed in the DSM-5 + psychopaths can differentiate right from wrong). In the United States, they could apply for an NGRI plea if they use the ALI rule (basically dictates that the individual knew right from wrong, but they could not help it) |
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What are some emotion-processing tasks that psychopaths do not perform? |
They do not yawn, they do not have a startle reflex, and they have difficulty interpreting facial and vocal expressions |
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What is the "low fear" hypothesis? |
It is a theory that dictates that psychopaths don't experience sufficient fear to promote conditioning or avoidance learning |
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What characteristics differ a female psychopath from a male psychopath? |
- They rate higher in deception/manipulation - They rate higher in relational aggression (i.e. jealousy, threaten partner with self-harm) - They use sexuality to obtain what they want - They are more likely to have comorbid disorders (like Borderline) |
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What is the main difference between psychopaths and sociopaths? |
Psychopaths are born the way they are (biology) while sociopaths turn that way because of their environment |
