Abnormal Psych Test 2

Front 1

List all mood disorders

Back 1

Major Depressive Disorder, Chronic Major Depressive Disorder, Dysthyma, Bipolar I, Bipolar II, Cyclothyma

Front 2

New Mood Disorders for DSM 5

Back 2

Pre-Menstrual dysphoric disorder, Mixed Anxiety/depressive disorder, disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

Front 3

What are the Gender differences in depression?

Back 3

Major depressive disorder twice as common among women in most countries. Differences emerge in adolescence

Front 4

What are some reasons for gender diffs in MDD diagnosis? (READ)

Back 4

Hormones
Girls twice as likely to experience sexual abuse
Women more likely to experience chronic stressors
Girls and women more likely to worry about body image
Women may react more intensely to interpersonal loss.
Women spend more time ruminating, men tend to distract.
NOTE: RUMINATING MAY INTENSIFY/PROLONG SAD MOODS.

Front 5

Bipolar type I

Back 5

Manic episodes and usually depressive episodes- duration varies. At least one episode of mania or one mixed episode.

Front 6

Difference between Bipolar II and Cyclothymia? (READ)

Back 6

Both experience hypomanic episodes. Bipolar II has major depressive episodes with varied durations and cyclothymia has mild depressive episodes at least 2 years in duration.

Front 7

Cyclothyma

Back 7

Milder, chronic form of bipolar disorder. Lasts at least 2 years. Same mood shifts as bipolar dosorder. Hypomania never severe enough to be considered manic episode. About 1/3 go on to develop bipolar disorder.

Front 8

Mania

Back 8

State of intense elation or irritability. Higher risk of violence against others.

Front 9

Diagnostic Criteria for Manic Episode

Back 9

Elevated, expansive (overly confident) or irritable mood for 1 week. Plus 3 of following symptoms: Psycho-motor agitation/increase in goal-directed behavior. Excessive Talking/pressured speech. Racing thoughts. Reduced need for sleep. Grandiosity/inflated self esteem. Distractability. Excessive shopping, sex and other pleasurable activities with negative consequence.

Also must a. cause impairment b. require hospitalization or c. psychotic symptoms

Front 10

Diagnostic Criteria for Hypomanic episode

Back 10

Elevated, Expansive (overly self confident), or irritable mood for 4 or more days. Plus 3 symptoms including: reduced sleep, inflated self esteem and distractability.

Front 11

Hypomanic Episode (READ)

Back 11

Change in mood and functioning are observable by others. NOT severe enough to cause marked impairment, hospitalization or psychotic symptoms (vs. mania). Not a DSM diagnotic category alone.

Front 12

Mixed Episode

Back 12

Severe symptoms of both depression and Mania in the same week. (Bipolar I)

Front 13

Neurobiological Etiology in Manic Patients (READ) OLD VIEW

Back 13

Caused by high levels of norepinephrine and dopamine.
Low levels of serotonin.
Note: Meds alter levels immediately, but relief can take 2-3 weeks. (so?)

Front 14

Neurobiological Etiology in Major Depressive Disorder Patients (READ) OLD VIEW

Back 14

(Original models focused on absolute levels of Neurotransmitters)
Low levels of norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin

Front 15

Neurobiological Etiology of Mood Disorders: NEW MODEL

Back 15

Focus on sensitivity of post-synaptic receptors.

Front 16

Neurobiological Etiology of Mood Disorders: NEW MODEL BIPOLAR DISORDER (READ READ READ )

Back 16

Dopamine receptors may be overly sensitive

Front 17

Learned Helplessness (One Cognitive theory behind mood disorders)

Back 17

Martin Selgman. As result of uncontrollable negative events, person learns to be helpless. Depressed person attributes powerlessness to lack of personal resources.

Front 18

Becks Negative Triad

Back 18

Negative views of the self, world and future.
World relates to depressed cognition: in context of their own little world "I can't handle all of these responsibilities"

Front 19

Hopelessness Theory

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ETIOLOGY MOOD D'S: Looks at hopelessness as key trigger for depression. Defined as expectations that no good outcomes will happen and person has no ability to change the situation.

Front 20

(Hopelessness Theory) MDD Attribution Styles: 2 key dimensions

Back 20

Patients perception of why Stressors Occur:
1. Stable vs Unstable causes
2. Global vs. Specific Causes

Front 21

Stable, global attribution

Back 21

stable: permanent
global: relevant to many life domains

i.e. "I failed my GRE because I lack intelligence." (vs. specific mathematical ability)

Front 22

Etiology of Mood Disorders:
1.Biological Factors

Back 22

MORE GENETIC SIMILARITY, MORE RISK
1. 93% heritability for BD. 37% heritability for MDD.
-heritability estimates higher for women
-specific genes not yet found

Front 23

Concordance rates in MZ/DZ twins for Bipolar Disorder

Back 23

MZ: as high as 70%
DZ: 15-25%

Front 24

Etiology of MDD:
Brain Imaging in MDD

Back 24

1.Diminished activity in Pre-frontal Cortex, anterior cingulate & hippocampus (affecting learning of new memories/not thinking ahead).
2. Elevated activity in Amygdala

Front 25

Brain Imaging: Structural vs. Functional Activation Studies

Back 25

Structural: Focus on number of or connections among cells
Functional: Focus on activity levels

Front 26

Etiology of Mood Disorders:
Neuroendocrine System/ HPA AXIS

Back 26

-Overactivity of HPA Axis
(triggers release of cortisol)
*Injecting cortisol in animals creates depressive symptoms

Front 27

Cushing's Syndrome

Back 27

-Causes over secretion of cortisol
-Symptoms include those of depression
*finding links depression to high cortisol levels

Front 28

Dexamethasone Suppression Test

Back 28

-Designed to differentiate amongst different types of cushings syndrome
-shows lack of cortisol suppresion in depressed people

Front 29

Dexamethasone

Back 29

exogenous steroid that provides negative feedback to the pituitary to suppress the secretion of ACTH.

Front 30

List psychological etiology for depression

Back 30

-Neutoicism
-Pessimistic Attributions/Cognitive Biases (BECK)
-

Front 31

Explanation of Becks Negative Triad

Back 31

Depressed people developed negative schema in childhood (from death of parent, social rejection, depressive attitudes ).
-Negative schema then activated whenever person encounters similar situation to original event.
-Once activated, cause cognitive biases

Front 32

Cognitive Biases

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Tendencies to process info in certain negative ways.
*Beck says depressed people pay too much attention to negative feedback & fail to notice or remember positive feedback about themselves.

Front 33

Pre-Menstrual Dysphoric Disorder

Back 33

Criteria: In most menstrual cycles during past year at least five symptoms present in week before period and improove a few says after "menses" onset.

Front 34

Symptoms of Pre-Mentrual Dysphoric Disorder

Back 34

-Affective lability (unstable, rapidly changing emotions)
-Irritability
-Depressed mood, hopelessness/self-deprecating thoughts.
-diminished interest in usual activities
-poor concentration
-lack of energy
-changes in appetite
-sleep problems
-subjective sense of being overwhelmed or out of control
-Physical symptoms (breast tenderness, joint/muscle pain, bloating)

Front 35

Double-Depression

Back 35

very severe
(Informal, not a diagnosis)
-person experiences a major depressive episode on top of the already-existing condition of dysthymia.
-Dysthymia develops first (usually at early age) then one or more MDD episodes happen later.

Front 36

Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder

Back 36

-Diagnosis for kids with extreme temper tantrums (age 6 or higher)
-severe, recurrent temper tantrums (usually 3x a week and present in at least two settings) not in proportion to actual stressor
-tantrums must be severe in at least one of the 2 settings
-temper outbursts inconsistent with development level
-Persistent negative mood between outbursts
-Onset before age 10

Front 37

Depression in Bipolar Disorder: Psychological Factors

Back 37

Similar to those in MDD
-negative life events (ie. loss of parent)
-neuroticism (reacting to events with greater than avg. affect)
-Negative Cognitions (ie. I always make mistakes)
-Expressed Emotion (EE) (ie. my mom is overly involved/critical/hostile about my depression)
-Lack of Social Support (ie. no friends)

Front 38

EE Emotional Expression

Back 38

strongly predicts relapse in depression

Front 39

Mania in Bipolar Disorder:
Psychological Factors

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1. Being sensitive to successful life events (ie. feel so good after getting job, increased confidence leading to higher goals=mania)
2. Highly responsive to reward system in brain

Front 40

Manic Defense Model

Back 40

Psychoanalytic theory:
Mania seen as defensive response from feelings of inadequacy, loss and helplessness.
-unconscious defense against depressive mood

Front 41

List the Psychological Treatments for Depression

Back 41

Interpersonal Psychotherapy
Cognitive Therapy
Mindfullness Based Cognitive Therapy
(BA) Behavioral Activation Therapy

Front 42

Interpersonal Psychotherapy

Back 42

Idea-depression closely tied to interpersonal problems
*short term (ie. 16 sessions), psychodynamic therapy
*Therapist and patient usually focus on a couple current relationship problems (role transitions, interpersonal conflict, bereavement, isolation)

Front 43

Goal of Interpersonal Psychotherapy

Back 43

(for Depressed patients, shown as effective for dysthymia)
-Help patient identify their feelings about their relationship problems
-make important decisions
-make changes to resolve related issues

Front 44

Therapist techniques in Interpersonal Psychotherapy

Back 44

-Discussing interpersonal probs
-exploring negative feelings
-encouraging patients expression
-improving verbal/nonverbal communication
-prob solving
-suggesting new, more satisfying behavior

Front 45

Cognitive Therapy

Back 45

Psychological Treatment of Depression (Devised by Beck):
-Monitor/identify automatic thoughts
-Replacing negative thoughts with more neutral or positive thoughts`

Front 46

Psychological Treatment of BD (READ)

Back 46

Early Diagnosis is key
-Psychoeducation
-Family Focused Therapy
-Excersize
-Regular Diet
-Redice caffeine for less mania
-Safe Environment
-Reduce suicidal risk

Front 47

Behavioral Activation Therapy (READ)

Back 47

For depression
-seeks to increase participation in positively reinforcing activities

Front 48

Biological Treatments for Depression

Back 48

Three types of antidepressants:
TCA's
MAOI's
SSRI's

Front 49

Biological Treatments for BD

Back 49

Lithium (1930s)

Anticonvulsant – good for mixed episodes and rapid cycling

Atypical

Front 50

Name the depressive Disorders

Back 50

MDD
Dysthymia

Front 51

http://www.proprofs.com/quiz-school/quizshow.php?title=abnormal-psychology-mood-disorders&quesnum=13&showNextQ=no

Back 51

hlohlo

Front 52

Negative Schemata (READ)

Back 52

Underlying tendency to see world negatively
-Causes Cognitive Biases

Front 53

Cognitive Bias

Back 53

Tendency to process info in negative ways