Abnormal Psych Test 1

Front 1

Be able to define our definition of abnormality, the three D’s

Back 1

Deviant, distressful, dysfunctional

Front 2

Know about the “moral treatment” of abnormality and what caused it to fail

Back 2

moral treatment was the idea that if you treated people with mental abnormality with dignity and care, it would cure them. It failed because…well because that’s not always all they need. So recovery rates declined and people stopped donating

Front 3

What was the impact of psychotropic medications on the history of treatment of the mentally ill?

Back 3

Patients who had previously shown no signs of improvement finally started to do so. Because of this, thousands of patients were immediately released.

Front 4

Know about the rise of Asylums and the view of abnormality in the middle ages

Back 4

: in the middle ages, abnormality was seen as a battle between good and evil, and old methods of “treatment”, such as exorcisms, reemerged. Asylums were a good intentioned idea of the state meant to provide care for the mentally ill that went horribly wrong as they became overcrowded

Front 5

Be able to recognize examples of all of the models of abnormality and how they create or explain disorders.
Biological model

Back 5

biological theorists view abnormal behavior as an illness brought about by malfunctioning parts of the organism. Typically, they point to a malfunctioning brain as the cause of abnormal behavior

Front 6

Be able to recognize examples of all of the models of abnormality and how they create or explain disorders.
Psychodynamic model

Back 6

psychodynamic theorists believe that three central forces shape the personality – instinctual needs, rational thinking, and moral standards (id, ego, superego) when one of these is out of balance with the others, it can result in abnormal behavior. (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital stages)

Front 7

Be able to recognize examples of all of the models of abnormality and how they create or explain disorders.
Behavioral model

Back 7

key things for behavioral model are operant conditioning and classical conditioning. Behavioral theorists point to reinforcement of certain behaviors and actions to explain abnormal functioning

Front 8

Be able to recognize examples of all of the models of abnormality and how they create or explain disorders.
Cognitive model

Back 8

abnormal functioning can result from several kinds of cognitive problems. Some people may make assumptions and adopt attitudes tha are disturbing and inaccurate. Illogical thinking processes are another source of abnormal functioning.

Front 9

Be able to recognize examples of all of the models of abnormality and how they create or explain disorders.
Humanistic-Existential model

Back 9

Humanists think that when one does not honestly recognize and accept their weakness as well as their strengths and establish satisfying personal values to by, the can develop negative or abnormal behavior.
Existentialists believe that from birth we have total freedom, either to face up to our existence and give meaning to our lives or to shrink from that responsibility. Those who hide from the responsibility will view themselves as helpless and weak and may live empty, inauthentic, and dysfunctional lives as a result

Front 10

Be able to recognize examples of all of the models of abnormality and how they create or explain disorders.
Sociocultural models

Back 10

believe that family relationships, social interactions, and community events help account for both normal and abnormal behavior, and they pay particular attention to three kinds of factors: social labels and roles, social networks, and family structure and communication

Front 11

Know what neurotransmitters are associated with which types of disorders: depression, anxiety, schizophrenia

Back 11

Low GABA linked to anxiety, high dopamine linked to schizophrenia, low serotonin linked to depression

Front 12

Understand the potential causes of schizophrenia

Back 12

one potential cause is a damaging virus entering a fetus’s brain and remaining dormant there until the individual reaches puberty or young adulthood. Then, activated by hormone changes or another infection, the virus may produce the symptoms of schizophrenia

Front 13

Be able to recognize the benefits and reasons for using ECT

Back 13

ECT has a high rate of success in patients with depression. It is is particularly used on those whose depression fails to respond to other treatments

Front 14

Understand what the id, ego, and super ego are and how they interact. As well as the reality and pleasure principles are and where they fit.

Back 14

Id: instinctual needs, drives, and impulses. Operates in accordance with the pleasure principle; that is, it always seeks gratification
Ego: unconsciously seeks gratification, but does so in accordance with the reality principle, the knowledge we acquire through experience that it can be unacceptable to express our id impulses outright. Uses reason and tells us when we can and cannot express those impulses
Superego: essentially, a conscience. Represents a person’s values and ideals.

Front 15

Be able to describe the levels of psychosexual development and where people can get fixated.

Back 15

Oral (birth-1 year): fixated on mouth. Can result in passive, gullible, immature, and manipulative personality later in life
Anal (1-3 years): Anal retentive: obsessively organized, or excessively neat. Anal expulsive: reckless, careless, defiant, disorganized
Phallic (3-6 years): Fixated on genitalia. Oedipus and Electra complexes
Latency (6-puberty): dormant sexual feelings. If one is fixated in this stage, it can lead to sexual unfulfillment
Genital (puberty-death): sexual interests mature. Frigidity, impotence, unsatisfactory relationships

Front 16

Know what transference, catharsis, and resistance are and describe examples of each.

Back 16

Transference: when patients act and feel toward the therapist as they do toward important persons in their lives, especially their parents, sibling and spouses
Patient: I feel like I shouldn’t tell you how I feel about this…
Therapist: Why is that?
Patient: Because I think if I tell you how I feel, you won’t care and will just write off my feelings on the fact that I’m a woman
Catharsis: the belief that patients must experience a reliving of past repressed feelings, if they are to settle internal conflicts and overcome their problems. Example: feeling great anger toward your employer and never letting those feelings out, so the therapist has you beat up a punching bag
Resistance: an unconscious refusal to participate fully in therapy, when they suddenly cannot free associate or when they change a subject to avoid a painful discussion
Therapist: So how did you feel when your father would ignore you like that?
Patient: I don’t think it had to do with that really. Maybe we should talk about my social life

Front 17

Be able to describe the difference between a conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus in classical conditioning

Back 17

Unconditioned stimulus: chocolate
Conditioned stimulus: lightbulb flickering
So when you link the flickering lightbulb with the presentation of chocolate, when a lightbulb flickers, you expect chocolate

Front 18

Modeling

Back 18

individuals learn responses simply by observing other individuals and repeating their behaviors. Example: you see your dad pick his teeth with a tooth pick. So you pick your teeth with a toothpick as well

Front 19

Understand the steps of systematic desensitization

Back 19

First, patients are taught the skill of relaxation over the course of several sessions
Second, they construct a fear hierarchy, a list of feared objects or situation, starting with those that are less feared and ending with the ones that are most dreaded
Third, you move through the hierarchy using the relaxation techniques until they can face all the things in their hierarchy without experiencing fear

Front 20

Be able to recognize how cognitive therapists deal with abnormal behavior, as well as the manner in which they intervene with a client’s thoughts.

Back 20

Therapists help clients recognize the negative thoughts, biased interpretations, and errors in logic that dominate their thinking and, according to Beck, cause them to feel depressed. Therapists also guide clients to challenge their dysfunctional thoughts, try out new interpretations, and ultimately apply the new ways of thinking in their daily lives.

Front 21

Understand how Carl Rogers helps people develop positive self-regard

Back 21

Therapists using Carl Rogers’s approach try to create a supportive climate in which clients feel able to look at themselves honestly and acceptingly. They must exhibit unconditional positive regard (full and warm acceptance for the client), accurate empathy (skillful listening and restatements), and genuineness (sincere communication)

Front 22

Know the fundamental principles of an existential therapist and what they might say to client about their choices.

Back 22

Agree that human beings must have an accurate awareness of themselves and live meaningful lives in order to be psychologically well adjusted
Do not believe that people are naturally inclined to live constructively
Believe that we have total freedom from birth to face up to our existence and give meaning to our lives or shrink from that responsibility
Client: Well I don’t feel like I can tell her how I feel because of what she might not feel the same
Therapist: But if that’s the source of your feeling of helplessness, you won’t be able to overcome that until you tell her. So in order to feel more empowered, you need to tell her.

Front 23

Define personality; What types of personality characteristics are similar across all of the personality disorders?

Back 23

Personality: a unique and enduring pattern of inner experience and outward behavior
Enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates markedly from the expectations of the individual’s culture, with at least two of the following areas affected: cognition, affectivity, interpersonal functioning, impulse control
Inflexible and pervasive across a broad range of personal and social situations
Stable and long-lasting, and its onset can be traced back at least to adolescence or early adulthood
Significant distress or impairment

Front 24

Why are personality disorders difficult to treat?

Back 24

Many sufferers are not even aware of their personality problems and fail to race their difficulties to their inflexible style of thinking and behaving

Front 25

In a general sense how would a cognitive, behavioral, and psychodynamic therapist explain the causes a personality disorder.

Back 25

Cognitive: The way that the individual is viewing and interpreting the events in his life are inaccurate or skewed, and this is leading to the aberrant behavior
Behavioral: The individual has had this behavior reinforced throughout his life, and this has perpetuated the aberrant behavior
Psychodynamic: The individual is experiencing a conflict in desire and control, and this internal conflict is leading to the aberrant behavior

Front 26

Be able to describe the differences between all of the personality disorders
Cluster A

Back 26

Paranoid: marked by a pattern of distrust and suspiciousness of others. Doesn’t form relationships because they don’t TRUST others
Schizoid: characterized by persistent avoidance of social relationships and little expression of emotion. Doesn’t form relationships because they don’t WANT them
Schizotypal: characterized by extreme discomfort in close relationships, odd forms of thinking and perceiving, and behavioral eccentricities

Front 27

Be able to describe the differences between all of the personality disorders
Cluster B

Back 27

Antisocial: marked by a general pattern of disregard for and violation of other people’s rights
Borderline: characterized by repeated instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and mood and by impulsive behavior
Histrionic: characterized by a pattern of excessive emotionality and attention seeking
Narcissistic: marked by a broad pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy

Front 28

Be able to describe the differences between all of the personality disorders
Cluster C

Back 28

Avoidant: characterized by consistent discomfort and restraint in social situations, overwhelming feelings of inadequacy, and extreme sensitivity to negative evaluation
Dependent: characterized by a pattern of clinging and obedience, fear of separation, and an ongoing need to be taken care of
Obsessive-compulsive: marked by such an intense focus on orderliness, perfectionism, and control that the individual loses flexibility, openness, and efficiency

Front 29

Be able to pick out an example of each of the personality disorders as well as at least four defining characteristics of each.
Paranoid

Back 29

deep distrust, suspicious of motive, believe people intend to harm them, shun close relationships, greatly trust their own ideas

Front 30

Be able to pick out an example of each of the personality disorders as well as at least four defining characteristics of each.
Schizoid

Back 30

persistently avoid relationships, demonstrate little emotion, no close ties, PREFER to be alone

Front 31

Be able to pick out an example of each of the personality disorders as well as at least four defining characteristics of each.
Schizotypal

Back 31

discomfort in close relationships, odd patterns of thinking, anxious around others, seek isolation

Front 32

Be able to pick out an example of each of the personality disorders as well as at least four defining characteristics of each.
Antisocial

Back 32

persistently disregard and violate others’ rights, lie repeatedly, impulsive, irritable, aggressive, charming

Front 33

Be able to pick out an example of each of the personality disorders as well as at least four defining characteristics of each.
Borderline

Back 33

TERRIFIED of abandonment, display great instability, swing in and out of depressive, anxious and irritable states, prone to anger, self-destructive tendencies

Front 34

Be able to pick out an example of each of the personality disorders as well as at least four defining characteristics of each.
Histrionic

Back 34

extremely emotional, want to be the center of attention, exaggerated gestures, fancy language, change themselves to attract people

Front 35

Be able to pick out an example of each of the personality disorders as well as at least four defining characteristics of each.
Narcissistic

Back 35

grandiose, need admiration, feel no empathy, expect attention

Front 36

Be able to pick out an example of each of the personality disorders as well as at least four defining characteristics of each.
Avoidant

Back 36

very uncomfortable in social situations, overwhelmed by feelings of inadequacy, extremely sensitive to negative evaluation, so fearful of rejection that they do not allow for opportunities for rejection, exaggerate potential difficulties in situations

Front 37

Be able to pick out an example of each of the personality disorders as well as at least four defining characteristics of each.
Dependent

Back 37

pervasive, excessive need to be taken care of, clinging and obedient, fear separation, rely strongly on others, cannot make decisions, distressed, lonely

Front 38

Be able to pick out an example of each of the personality disorders as well as at least four defining characteristics of each.
Obsessive-compulsive

Back 38

so preoccupied with order, perfection and control that they lose all flexibility, openness, and efficiency; unreasonably high standards; rigid and stubborn; trouble expressing affection

Front 39

What are ideas of reference?

Back 39

Beliefs that unrelated events pertain to them in some important way

Front 40

Know the relationship between alcohol and antisocial disorder as well as the two childhood disorders associated with it.

Back 40

Other than substance abuse disorders, antisocial is most linked with adult criminal behavior. Higher rates of alcoholism and other substance-related disorders among people with antisocial personality disorder than in the rest of the population.
Oppositional defiant
ADHD