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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Abnormal psychology is an effort to..
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describe, predict, explain, and change abnormal patterns of functioning
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Abnormal Psychology workers may be
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clinical scientists
clinical practitioners |
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Four D's
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Deviance: statistically not common
Distress: unpleasant to the person Dysfunction: interfering with daily functioning Danger: posing harm to the person |
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What is treatment (according to Jerome Frank)
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1. sufferer seek relief from healer
2. trained, socially accepted healer whose expertise is accepted by the sufferer 3. series of contacts between the healer and the sufferer through which the healer tries to produce certain changes in the sufferers emotional state |
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Percentages of adults/percentage of children in need of clinical treatment
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30% of adults
19% of children |
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Greek and Romans believed
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natural causes for abnormal behavior ex: unbalance of fluids in the body
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Middle ages
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demonology
religious beliefs dominated |
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Renaissance
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physical causes of illness
asylums are treatment |
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Nineteenth century
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reform and moral treatment
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twentieth century
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deinstitutionalization
outpatient care now primary mode of treatment |
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somatogenic perspective
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biological causes
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psychogenic perspective
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mind causes
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clinical researchers try to
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discover universal laws or principals. they typically do not diagnose clients
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case study
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detailed description of a persons life and psychological issues
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epidemilogical studies
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reveal the incidence and prevalence of a disorder in a particular population.
incidence: # of new cases that emerge prevalence: # of total cases |
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longitudinal study
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same individual observed over long periods of time
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experimental method
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research procedure where a variable is manipulated and the manipulations effect on another variable is observed
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quasiexperimental
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not random assignment
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biological model
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medical perspective that typically point to brain anatomy/chemistry
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Brain
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~100 billion neurons
brain regions - large group of neurons can be connections between certain disorders and specific brain areas |
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brain chemistry
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electrical impulses through neurons.
neurons do not touch each other. certain neurotransmitters can lead to specific mental disorders ex: low serotonin - depression |
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synapse
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space in between neurons
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endocrine glands
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release hormones
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three types of biological treatment
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drug therapy
electroconvulsive therapy psychosurgery |
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1950s. four major drug groups
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antianxiety drugs
antidepressant drugs antibipolar drugs antipsychotic drugs |
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ECT (electroconvulsive therapy)
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primarily for depression
last report treatment |
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psychodynamic model
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oldest and most famous model
Freud - founder underlying dynamic psychological forces that are in some degree of conflict ID Ego Superego |
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ID
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pleasure principle
instincts, needs, and impulses |
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Ego
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reality principle
seeks gratification defense mechanisms (repression, denial, projection, rationalization, displacement, intellectualization, regresstion) |
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Superego
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morality principle
conscience |
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psychodynamic model
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uncover what trauma was and guide to solve
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outpatient care
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primary mode of treatment
short term hospitalization and then outpatient psychotherapy and medication |
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operant conditioning
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doing something because you get a reward
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modeling
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do something by watching someone else
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classical conditioning
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learning by association
father - pavlov |
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dog and meat and bell example
unconditioned stimulus conditioned stimulus unconditioned response conditioned response |
US: meat
CS: bell UCR: salivating CR: salivating |
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diathesis
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risk factor
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reliability
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consistency an assessment will yield the same results on different days in the same situation
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two tests that test reliability
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test-retest = testing on different days
interrater = same results, different judges |
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validity
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accuracy of results
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three tests that test validity
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face validity = does it seem to test what it is testing
predictive validity = can it predict future behavior concurrent validity = agree with independent measures assessing similar behavior |
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clinical interviews
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face to face encounters
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6 categories for clinical tests
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1. projective tests
2. personality inventories 3. response inventories 4. psychophysiological tests 5. Neurological and neuropsychological 6. intelligence tests |
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projective tests
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follow an open ended question
ex: rorschach test |
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personality inventory
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self reported responses
focus on behaviors, beliefs, feelings ex: Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory MMPI |
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response inventory
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self reported reponses based on one specific area of functioning such as social skills
answer on a scale of 0-3 |
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psychophysiological tests
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measure body things ex: heart rate, blood pressure, body temp
ex: polygraph (lie detector) |
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Neurological and neuropsychological tests
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brain tests
ex: mri, cat scans |
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Intelligence tests
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measure intellectual ability on verbal and non verbal skills
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naturalistic observation
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in the real world
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analog observation
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reenactment of real world problem (in a lab for ex)
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self monitoring observation
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ask about behavior
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how many branches in DSM IV
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5 branches/axes
1. mood disorders (except personality and mental retardation) 2. personality and mental retardation 3. relevant general medical conditions 4. Psychosocial and environmental problems 5. Global assessment of psychological, social, and occupational functioning (GAF) |
