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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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DSM-IV criteria for schizophrenia
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disturbance for at least 6 months with an aute episode of at least one month with at least two: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, disorganized or catatonic behavior, or negative symptoms
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positive symptoms
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delusions and hallucinations
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thought insertion
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thoughts have been inserted in their head by an external source (computer chip in brain) DELUSION
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thought broadcasting
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belief that their thoughts are being broadcast or transmitted to others- DELUSION
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grandiose delusions
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exaggerated sense of own importance- DELUSION
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ideas of reference
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thinking that small events or activities are about you (tv broadcasts) DELUSION
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types of hallucinations
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hearing own thoughts in other people's voices, voices commenting on their behavior, voices arguing
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activity during hallucinations
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increased activity in broca's area
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avolition
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lack of interest and motivation; apathy
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alogia
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reduction in speech
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anhedonia
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inability to experience pleasure- future pleasure (anticipatory pleasure)
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flat affect
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shows little or no emotion in face or voice but feels it
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asociality
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inability to form close personal relationships
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disorganized symptoms
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disorganized speech and disorganized behavior
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disorganized speech
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incoherence and loose associations
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disorganized behavior
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agitation, dress unusually, act childlike, hoarding
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genes found in association studies of schizophrenia
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DTNGP1 and NGR1
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heritability for schizophrenia
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high, mostly for negative symptoms
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neurotransmitters in schizophrenia
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increased dopamine in positive symptoms, decreased glutamate
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brain structure and function in schizophrenia
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enlarged ventricles and decreased activity in prefrontal cortex (related to negative symptoms)
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congenital factors in schizophrenia
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damage during gestation or birth- low supply of oxygen could lead to decrease in grey matter; viral damage to fetal brain, if mother has flu, higher rates of schizophrenia
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epidemiology of alcohol use
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20% men, 8% women, 17% abuse, 12% dependence
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epidemiology of alcohol use
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20% men, 8% women, 17% abuse, 12% dependence
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alcohol abuse more likely to be
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caucasian
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alcohol abuse more likely to be
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caucasian
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alcohol dependence highest rates
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native americans and latinos
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alcohol dependence highest rates
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native americans and latinos
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biphasic effect
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alcohol initially stimulates then depresses
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biphasic effect
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alcohol initially stimulates then depresses
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amnestic syndrom
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severe loss of short and long term memory
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amnestic syndrom
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severe loss of short and long term memory
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abuse and dependence in marijuana most common in what race
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caucasian and native american
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abuse and dependence most common in what race
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caucasian and native american
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marijuana health effects over time
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decline in IQ, increased blood pressure and heart rate, damage to lungs, withdrawal and tolerance
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marijuana health effects over time
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decline in IQ, increased blood pressure and heart rate, damage to lungs, withdrawal and tolerance
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therapeutic effects of marijuana
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for patients with chemotherapy and AIDS, THC blocks pain signal from brain
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therapeutic effects of marijuana
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for patients with chemotherapy and AIDS, THC blocks pain signal from brain
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opiates
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opium, morphine, heroin, codeine, valium
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opiates
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opium, morphine, heroin, codeine, valium
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legal opiates
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hydrocodone (vicodin) and oxycodone (oxycontin
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legal opiates
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hydrocodone (vicodin) and oxycodone (oxycontin
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health effects of opiates
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euphoria, drowsiness, lack of coordination, loss of inhibition, increased self confidence, depletes serotonin and dopamine so sever letdown- withdrawal for 72 hours
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sedatives
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barbiturates and benzodiapenes
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neurotransmitter in sedatives
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increased GABA
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barbiturates effects
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induce muscle relaxation, decrease anxiety and mild euphoria
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stimulants
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amphetamines, methamphetamines and cocaine
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neurotransmitter in amphetamines
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increased dopamine and norepinephrine
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methamphetamines brain structure effect
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decrease in hippocampus
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cocaine neurotransmitter
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increase in dopamine
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ecstasy neurotransmitter
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excess serotonin causes depletion
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PCP
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causes paranoia and violence- animal tranquilizer
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addictive gene for nicotine
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CYP2A6
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incentive-sensitization theory
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wanting (makes them feel normal again) and liking(pleasure is obtained from takin it) leads to abuse or dependence
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treatment for alcohol abuse and dependence
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inpatient hospital treatment, alcoholics anonymous, couples and family therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, controlled drinking
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contingency management therapy
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for alcohol use: reinforce behavior not related to drinking, how to deal with uncomfortable situations, community-reinforcement approach
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most effective treatment for nicotine dependence
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comination of nicotine replacement and CBT
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heroin replacements
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methadone, naloxone and naltrexone (make high of drug not occur)
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paranoid personality symptoms
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4 or more
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comorbidity with paranoid PD
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schizotypal, borderline and avoidant
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schizoid personality disorder
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4 or more
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comorbidity with schizoid PD
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schizotypal, avoidant and paranoid PD
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schizotypal personality disorder
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5 or more symptoms
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comorbidity with schizotypal PD
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very high, usually at least two co-morbid- avoidant and paranoid
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etiology of odd/eccentric cluster
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high heritability
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etiology for schizotypal
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link to schizophrenia- relatives with schizophrenia at greater risk for schizotypal- cognitive and neuropsychological deficits, enlarged ventricles, less gray matter
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odd/ eccentric cluster
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paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal
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dramatic/erratic cluster
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borderline, histrionic, narcissistic, antisocial
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borderline personality symptoms
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5 or more
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borderline comorbid diseases
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PTSD, MDD, eating disorders and substance-related disorders- suicide rates high
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neurobiological etiology of borderline PD
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highly heritable, low serotonin functioning, damage to prefrontal cortex (controls impulsivity), increased activation of the amygdala
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object-relations theory
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children internalize images of their relationships which are disturbed and create low self esteem- causes splitting (all good or all bad)
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Linehan's diathesis stress theory
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patients with BPD have difficulty controlling emotions (biological diathesis) that puts stress on the family- negative reaction from the family- vicious circle between the two
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histrionic symptoms
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5 or more- may have low self-esteem or confused by paretns seductiveness
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narcissistic personality symptoms
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5 or more; overly confident
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narcissistic etiology
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self-psychology model and social congnitive model
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self-psychology model
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characteristics mask low self esteem- relationships are for bolstering self-worth- emotional coldness from parents or overemphasis of child's achievements
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social-cognitive model
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fragile self esteem- interpersonal relationships are used to bolster self esteem rather than to feel closeness
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antisocial symptoms
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at least age 18, evidence of misconduct before age 15, and 3 or more since then
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etiology of antisocial
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96% heritability, common among convicted felons
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anxious/fearful cluster
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avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive
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avoidant personality disorder
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4 or more- overly protective parents
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dependent personality symptoms
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5 or more- disruption of early childhood attachment by death, neglect, or over-protectiveness
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obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
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4 or more- fixation at anal stage or coping with fears of losing control by overcompenstation
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obsessive compulsive PD most likely comorbid
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avoidant PD
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mens rae
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guilty mind
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insanity defense
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pleaded in less than 1% of the cases- requires fudgments by lawyers, judges, jurors and clinicians
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not guilty by reason of insantiy (NGRI)
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indefinite commitment to a forensic hospital- released when no longer mentall ill- John Hinckley
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guilty but mentall ill (GBMI)
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found legally guilty but may be sent to a prison hospital where they may or may not receive care- jeffrey dahmer
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irresistable impulse (1834)
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if pathological impulse or uncontrollable drive compelled criminal act then insanity defense legitimate- Parsons vs. state and davis vs. us
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american law institute guidelines
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1- a person is not responsible for criminal conduct if at the time of the illegal act he lacks substantial capacity to know it was wrong and 2- those who repeatedly break the law cannot plead insanity
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