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128 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Sigismund Freud
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"Sigmund"
Austrian Psychiatrist had many odd patients |
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Freud's Mentors
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Charot and Brewers
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Freud's Patients
Hysteria |
hysterics
most had what we call conversion disorder -many had physical paralysis, that was not caused by actual illness; with hypnosis the paralysis would go away |
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Anna O.
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Freud's patient
she was partially paralyzed, but with hypnosis the paralysis went away |
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Conscious Mind vs. Preconscious Mind vs. Unconscious Mind
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Conscious - normal, awake, what you are currently thinking about
Preconscious - not conscious, they are thoughts that can become conscious quickly Unconscious - Freud believe that it was the most powerful thing influencing us |
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Psychosis
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out of touch with reality, hallucinating, delusional
ex. Schizophrenia, dementias, psychotic states |
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Hallucinations
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perception of the world is altered
any sense can hallucinate |
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Delusions
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belief or conception
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Neurosis
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not a modern diagnosistic term
"all other disorders, depression, phobias, anxiety" If you are in a state of neurosis, you are over using ego defense mechanisms |
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Ego Defense Mechanisms
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mechanisms against anxiety
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Ego
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you, yourself, who you think you are, central self
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Defense Mechanism
Suppression |
deliberately not thinking about something
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Defense Mechanism
Dissociation |
parts of the brain working at the same time without connection or communication between them
ex. "autopilot" driving |
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Value of Defense Mechanisms
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can be a good thing
ex. Dissociative Amnesia: blocking out a traumatic experience can be a bad thing |
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Defense Mechanism
Repression |
blocking something out, making it so it is not readily available to the conscious mind
Freud thought repression was the most important defense mechanism Evidence says that repression is the least good |
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Recovery of Memory
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many recovered repressed memories are not memories they are recreations (similar to the memory, but has be embelished, changed, etc.)
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Pseudomemory
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fake memory
made Freud stop trusting recoverd memories |
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Memory is ...
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a reconstructive process
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Defense Mechanism
Denial |
when we don't want to acknowledge, accept, or admit unpleasant truths, etc.
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Defense Mechanism
Rationalization |
to make up a rational seeming explanation for an occurance
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Defense Mechanism
Projection |
when you recognize an unpleasant truth and project it on to other people, especially negative qualities
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Defense Mechanism
Sublimation |
impulse to do one thing that is usually unacceptable, but instead you do something else
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Defense Mechanism
Reaction Formation |
impulse to do one thing, but instead you do the opposite
ex. when you have a crush on someone, you insult them |
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Defense Mechanism
Humor |
use humor as a defense mechanism, to lighten a situation, distract from unpleasant things, etc.
can be good, but can also be unacceptable |
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Gelatophobia
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fear of humor
-the person usually percieves the humor as an attack |
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Defense Mechanism
Regression |
during stress or anxiety, you revert back to an earlier behavior, such as an old habit, less mature states)
familiarity tends to be the main pull less healthy defense mechanism |
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Anna Freud
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Freud's daughter
named most of the defense mechanisms helped further adolescent/ child psychology never really broke away from Freud, so she is not really famous |
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Defense Mechanism
Displacement |
impulse to do one thing, but you transfer to a different target
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Behaviorism
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applies to learning everything
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Cognitive Behaviorism
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"oxymoron"
pulls cognitive psych into behaviorism |
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John B. Watson
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decided Behaviorism should be the main focus
-classical conditioning -experimental conditioning |
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Pavlov
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physiologist, awarded Nobel Prize for physiology
digestion was his focus and he used dogs as subjects originally was collecting salive from dogs using food as the stimulus |
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Unconditioned Stimulus
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ex.food or acid, such as lemon juice
a "normal" stimulus that creates a normal or not learned response |
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Unconditioned Response
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ex. saliva
a response that is not learned, natural or normal response |
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Pavlov's Experiment
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to wake the dogs he would ring a bell (or his footsteps)
he realized that as the experiment progressed through the days and weeks that the dogs would salivate before the unconditioned stimulus (food or acid) was presented |
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Pavlov's Bell became the...
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conditioned stimulus and lead to the conditioned response (salivation)
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Higher Order Conditioning
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if Pavlov sounded a buzzer before the bell, eventually the buzzer would also become a conditioned stimulus, that would elicit the same conditioned response (salivation)
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Classical Conditioning
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aka "Respondent Conditioning"
stimulus comes before the behavior stimulus --> behavior --> consequences |
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Thorndike
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interested in consequences
consequences can be a reward or a punishment |
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Instrumental Conditioning
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behavior is essential to determining consequences
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B.F. Skinner
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operant conditioning
same as instrumental |
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John B. Watson
Nuture |
focused on the aspect of nuturing
phobias can be a product of conditioning |
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Little Albert Experiment
Watson |
Orphan
instrumental - consequence can cause fear classical - stimulus + other can cause fear Albert developed a fear of a white rat |
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Little Albert Experiment Steps
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1. Baseline - measured initial fear of rat [CS (rat) did not elicit CR (fear)]
2. Training - [CS (rat) + US (loud noise) --> UR (fear)] during Watson measured how often the [CS (rat) --> CR (fear)] 3. Extinction - [CS without US --> CR] measure how often 4.Retraining - [CS + US --> CR] measure how often the CS elicits CR before US |
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Extinction
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when starting extinction, the fear will get worse before it gets better
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Retraining
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recover behavior very rapidly
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Generalization
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no distinguishing
ex. Albert became afraid of all furry white things (rabbit, dog, santa, coat) |
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Discrimination
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distinguishing one thing from another
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What happened to Albert
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Albert was adopted before Watson could correct anything or further experimentation
-no one knows where "Little Albert" is |
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Spontaneous Recovery
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when a behavior that has become extinct comes back very rapidly
ex. alcoholism: one drink and full alcoholism comes back or moderate drinking is okay; depends on the person |
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Phobias
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ex. fear of spiders (Arachnophobia)
-when you train the phobic person to be more comfortable with the fear than normal people are. |
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Shaping
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Skinner developed this for very elaborate behaviors
-reward something closer to target behavior than what was previously being done - constantly changing requirements for reward ex. cat spinning, kids manners |
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Chaining
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chain of actions to learn a behavior
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Backward Chaining
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last action first
usually works better when available |
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Forward Chaining
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first action first
frustration can become an issue |
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Most effective treatment for Phobias:
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Systematic Desensitization
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Systematic Desensitization
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train you to relax around things that remind you of the fear
keep progressing until actual fear is conquered go further to become more comfortable that most people (main goal), to help avoid spontaneous recovery |
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Phobias and Extinction
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phobias don't tend to under go extinction
phobias usually are from classical conditioning and original cause of the phobia is irrelevant |
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Reason for Phobias not going Extinct:
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see dog --> feel fear
[avoidance (behavior) --> relief (reward)] phobias reward themselves --> hard to die out or go away |
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Reward
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aka reinforcement (better term)
can be positive or negative; something added or something taken away |
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Punishment
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positive or negative; added or taken away
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Anxiety Disorders
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a group of disorders where the defining quality is anxiety
Is is clinically significant? Is is maladaptive? Phobias fall under anxiety disorders Eating Disorders include anxiety, but it is not the defining quality, so they are not considered anxiety disorders |
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Anxiety Disorders
Generalized Anxiety Disorder |
(Free Floating Anxiety)
-anxiety is always with them -are anxious when they shouldn't be |
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Anxiety Disorders
Panic Disorder |
-person has frequent panic attacks (extreme fear, anxiety)
-panic attacks don't last long; cannot be constant -breathing, shortness of breath, pain, chest tightness -can be attributed to a physical diagnosis (ex. angina "chest pain") |
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Panic Disorder Hereditary
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1 in 5 people who have panic disorder have an immeadiate relative who also has panic disorder
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Panic Disorder Treatment
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medication can help but shouldn't be the only step towards recovery; the person must learn to cope
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Anxiety Medication
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Benzodiazepines
-highly addictive, can be deadly (with alcohol, overdose) ex. Valium, Xanax may help break cycle or pattern of having panic attacks, the "worry about worrying" |
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Anxiety Disorders
Phobias |
extreme unrealistic fear
3 main kinds |
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Agoraphobia
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fear of going outside
internet: able to have interaction vs. making it easier to avoid coping and improvement interfers with life broadly |
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Social Phobia
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fear of social situations
wants to interact, but too afratid of saying or doing the wrong thin treatment: social skills training, group therapy interfers broadly with life |
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Specific Phobias
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1000's of phobias
every other phobia |
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Specific Phobia Examples
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Claustrophobia: fear of small spaces
Autophobia: fear of self Coulrophobia: fear of clowns Brontophobia: fear of thunder Gynophobia: fear of women Androphobia: fear of men |
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Cause of Phobias
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tends to be classical conditioning
can be operant (reward from fear, punish for not fearing) some how some experience got paired with a negative experience |
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Natural Aspect to Developing Phobias
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some natural aspect: readiness to develop phobias
ex. animal more than plants (natural) |
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Uncanny Valley
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things too close to looking human become scary
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Anxiety Disorders
PTSD |
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
-trauma --> anxiety against it, or about it -stress following trauma more than 1 month after is still there; obsessing, emotional, fearful (may develop phobias) opposite "post-traumatic growth" |
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Anxiety Disorders
Acute Stress Disorder |
extreme stress reaction to something that interfers with functioning for 2-4 weeks
could become PTSD |
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PTSD Patients
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usually didn't react during the 1st month
amygdalas (emotions, motivations to stimuli) get smaller in PTSD victims -- will not come back |
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Somatoform Disorders
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group of disorders in which symptoms take form as complaints about the body
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Somatoform Disorders
Hypochondriasis |
-think they are sick all the time
-misinterpretting normal bodily functions -terrified of getting sick -very specific about symptoms -may carry medical manuels, may become experts |
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Somatoform Disorders
Somatization Disorder |
-similar to hypochondriasis
-vague symptoms, odd combinations -tend to also have personality problems -may not bein the DSM-V |
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New to the DSM-V: Somatic Symptom Disorder
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symptoms psychologically generated
controversial, because the symptoms could be real |
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Somatoform Disorders
Body Dysmorphic Disorder |
-morph means shape
-person obsessed with the fact that something is physically wrong with them, mishapen high suicide rate, high plastic surgery rate anti-anxiety meds can help ex. Michael Jackson |
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NOT SOMATOFORM
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Eating Disorders: distorted body image
Somatic Delusion: belief out of touch with reality (third arm, bugs living within) Malingering: faking symptoms when there is a clear gain |
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Patients with Somatoform Disorders
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NOT deliberately faking things
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NOT SOMATOFORM
Factitious Disorder |
Munchausen's
making themselves sick, or appear so -look like they have medical illnesses -$$$ spent -self-centered, immature people, liars -tend to not speak of childhood, maybe were neglected or serious medical treatment and hospital stay obsessed with getting medical attention |
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NOT SOMATOFORM
Munchausen's by proxy |
making someoneelse sick, can kill
family members, children, people close to them uneccessary surgeries, medications may take Healthcare positions |
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Somatoform Disorders
Pain Disorder |
psychological stress manifests as pain
-could be thought to be conversion disorder (psychological stress [not wanting to face reality] manifests as real symptoms, but they are rarely painful, "escape pain") |
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La Belle Indifference
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not normal reaction to pain or conversion disorder
"the beautiful" |
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NOT SOMATOFORM
Medical Student/ Abnormal Student Syndrome |
med students, studying, think they have the diseases, etc. they are studying or that their relatives do.
Abnormal Student same with mental illnesses |
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Dissociative Disorders
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named for Freudian principle of Dissociation
two parts of brain working at the same time without connection repression is a large part of dissociative disorders |
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Dissociative Disorders
Dissociative Amnesia |
repression, blocking huge portions of memory
beyond normal suppression ex. forgetting 2 years because of traumatic event usually episodic memories lost that are retrograde cause doesn't matter unless still occuring |
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Episodic Memories
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what happened, events
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Semantic Memories
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procedural memory, how to do something, meanings to things
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Retrograde vx. Anterograde
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past vs. future (forming new memories)
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Dissociative Disorders
Dissociative Identity Disorder |
aka "Multiple Personality"
different aspects of the same personality/ person extreme, distinct sets of characteristics some amnesia has to be involved alters: different personality states |
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Dissociative Identity Disorder History
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first public case: Book "The Three Faces of Eve" by Thigpen and Cleckley
originally called Dual Consciousness because there were 2 selves (right vs. left brain) other Famous Multiple: Sybil (Shirley) had 16 selves |
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Eve White
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had memory gaps
-drinking, shopping, gambling "Eve Black" -actually was a quiet, boring person 2 original personalities (married name, maiden name) 3rd emerged: Jane, was assertive, outgoing Chris Sizemore had 22 selves in total (3s) |
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Sybil
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controversial, may not have had disorder
iatrogenesis involved recieved 3rd of revenue from book |
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Iatrogenesis
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when a therapist creates the mental illness
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# of personalities
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2, 3, 16.... up then down
almost no cases outside of N. America very controversial, DSM, culture-bound? |
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Dissociative Disorders
Dissociative Fugue |
fugue: flight, fleeing
-vanishes from current life, starts new one elsewhere -new name, identity, life personality fugue state- no memory of before after fugue- no memory of fugue state |
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Dissociative Disorders
Depersonalization Disorder |
frequently goes into depersonalization states
feel out of touch w/ reality, body, etc -"left body", observing -lack of feeling real |
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N.O.S.
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"not otherwise specified"
-unique, doesn't fit a DSM disorder -fits into dissociative category ex. King Tut, bump on the head guy |
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Mood Disorders
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Affective Disorders
disturbed mood is the primary problem or symptom |
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Flat Affect Disorder
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not showing change in emotion
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Mood Disorders
Major Depressive Disorder |
(clinical, unipolar)
severely depressed mood for at least 2 weeks wide variety of symptoms: mood, cognition, changes in activity and mood |
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Major Depressive Disorder
Cognition |
content, suicidal, way that the person thinks, death content
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Cognition
Rumination |
dwelling on the same thought over and over
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Depression Meds
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anxiety meds can reduce obsession (rumination)
some meds (SSRI) can make the problem much worse |
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Major Depressive Disorder
Activity and Motivation Change |
completely lacks motivation
sleep changes (insomnia or hypersomnia) change in appetite, lack or increase (food can be a distraction and it releases endorphins) |
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Who commits suicide?
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most depressed people are not suicidal
most people who commit suicide don't qualify for a mental illness |
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Passive Suicide
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look up
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Active Suicide
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actively doing something to kill yourself
ex. shoot yourself, cut yourself, jump in front of train, etc. |
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Parasuicide
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attempted suicide but did not die
planned to be saved |
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Suicide Rates
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Elderly People have the highest rate of suicide by age
Men commit suicide 3-4x more Women attempt suicide 3x more 1 in 5 people leave notes behind |
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#1 Warning Sign for Suicide
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talking about suicide
others: giving stuff away, mood improvement |
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Murder/Suicide
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commited by very selfish people
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Seasons and Suicide
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winter: has the highest rate of depression and suicide
Mid-Winter Celebrations States with Highest Rates: Alaska, Washington |
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Mood Disorders
Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) |
major mood disturbances that occur seasonally and annually.
treatment: go outside, more activity, daylight, tanning beds, sun lamps |
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Mood Disorders
Dysthymic Disorder |
Dysthymia
mildy depressed mood constant for at least 2 years |
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Mood Disorders
Bipolar Disorder |
Manic Depression
mania- extreme, charged, excited state cycling betwen depression and mania after mania --> crash to depression incredibly overdiagnosed rapid cycling (3x a year) |
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Bipolar Disorder
Manic Psychosis |
so extreme that the person becomes out of touch with reality
mania can last hours or maybe days |
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Bipolar Disorder
Hypomania |
mild mania, not always bad
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Type 1 Bipolar Disorder
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cycles between extremes
Full Mania (sometimes manic psychosis) and Major Depression |
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Type 2 Bipolar Disorder
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cycles between major depression and hypomania
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Mood Disorders
Cyclothymic Disorder |
cycling between mild depression and hypomania
lasts at least 2 years, enough to interfer with life, cause issues and become noticable, usually following a pattern |
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Treatment for Bipolar Disorder
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Lithium
-poisonous, so doctors will try other things first, given as Lithium Carbonate we don't know why it works some patients enjoy the mania so they won't take meds there is a high rate of stimulant abuse in Bipolar Patients |
