Abnormal Psych Exam 1

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Epidemiology

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the study of diseases and patterns and the study of the incidence and prevalence of disorders

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Incidence

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number of NEW cases of a disorder occurring in a population over a specific period of time

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Prevalence

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TOTAL (new + existing) number of cases of a disorder occurring in a population over a specific period of time

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Lifetime Prevalence

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percentage of people who have had a disorder in their lifetime

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Examples of Anxiety disorders (18.1% in 1 year)

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-generalized anxiety dis
-panic dis
-OCD
-Post traumatic stress dis
-phobias (specific, special, agoraphobia)

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Co-morbid

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having more than one disorder

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Examples of Mood disorders (9.5% in one year)

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-major depressive dis
-pysthymic dis
-Bipolar dis

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what's the leading cause of disability

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major depression

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Examples of personality disorder (9.1% in one year)

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-avoidance personality dis
-borderline personality dis
-antisocial personality dis
-substance dis
-ADHD
-schizophrenia

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Midtown Manhattan study

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-1600 people in NYC were tested and 26% of people had a disorder

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Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) Project 1991

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-structural interview to assess 30 major disorders
-tested in LA, St. Louis, New Haven NJ, Baltimore, and Durham
-tested 20,000 subjects
-tested the communities as well as people in institutions
-32% lifetime prevalence was found

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National Co-morbidity survey (NCS) 1994

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-tested 8,000 adults b/w 15-54
-lifetime prevalence was 48%
-half the people with disorders had more than one

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What does Epistemology study?

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How do you know what you know?
-Intuition
-Rationalism
-Empiricism
-Scientific Method

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Intuition

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grasping of things

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Rationalism

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arrive at truth logic and thought

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Empiricism

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we know what we know through through experiences and observations

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Scientific Method

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can be thought of as a combination of rationalism and empiricism; used in abnormal psychology

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Stone age treatment methods

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trephination: using a sharp stone or spear to create a whole hole in the skull for the evil spirits to excape

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Hippocrates method

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-had the first somatogenic theory to abnormalities.
-thought it was a result of blockage of one of the 4 humors of the body
-tried physical treatments such as blood letting

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somatogenic theory

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-says something is physically wrong with the body; example: Hippocrates thought problems were caused by brain pathologies

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4 humors in body

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-all humors show different symptoms if affected
-Melancholic
-Phlegmatic
-Choleric (yellow bile)
-Sanguine (bleeding/redness)

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Early Middle Age theory

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-went back to believing that abnormalities were a result of bad spirits such as demonic possession
-thought it was involuntary

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Later Middle Age theory

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-began to think it was voluntary possession of the devil and began to execute people for witchcraft.

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Pope Innocent VIII beliefs

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-people abandon themselves to the devil and he wanted to find all the witches and appropriately punish them
-hundreds of thousands of people were killed for witchcraft
-people were accusing everyone

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Salem Witch Trials-1692

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girls told scary stories of neighbors strangling and cutting them and the neighbors would be arrested and tried for witchcraft
-10-20 people were killed and hundreds were arrested

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Masturbatory Insanity-1800s

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-Tissot argued that masturbating released too much vital fluids and caused insanity
-treatment: would cut dorsal vein of penis or surgically remove clitoris

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Institutions

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-1st in Jerusalem (400s)
-1st mental hospital in Baghdad (792)
-dollhaus in germany mental hospital (1326)
-St. Mary of Bethlehem (bedlam) people came to view crazy people (1403)
-1st in new world was in Mexico (1565)
-PA hospital:few cells (1756)
-Williamsburg, VA 1st colonial hospital devoted to mentally disturbed (1773)

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Teresa of Avila-1500s

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said her fellow nuns were just acting "as if" sick and said they werent witches. were not executed

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Johann Weyer-1563

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physician who said mentally disturbed people were just deluded

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Reginald Scot

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said it was a result of sickness not demons

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Vicenzo Chairugi

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1st physician to head an italian asylum and wanted to treat patients with respect and understanding

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Philippe Pinel

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physician at Hospice de Bicetre and "father of modern psychiatry"

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Jean-Baptiste Pussin

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former patient who rose up and became a superintendent in 1784 and was known for incorporating humane treatment

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Quaker William Tuke

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created the york Retreat in England; used human treatment

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Benjamin Rush

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"father of American psychiatry"

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Dorthea Dix

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created institutions to comfort insane physically, not provide treatment

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Cultural Relativism Perspective

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abnormal is deviation from social norms; ex: its ok to kill someone if its accepted by society

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Abnormal as maladaptive perspective

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its abnormal if it interferes with ones well being and ability to survive

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Elements of Abnormality (8)

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-Maladaptiveness
-Suffering
-Irrationality and Incomprehensibility
-unpredictability/ loss of control
-Vividness/ unconventionality
-violation of moral/ideal standards
-observer discomfort
-Dangerous

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what can we determine by examining the elements of abnormality

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the likelihood of someone having an abnormality; the more elements present, the more confident we can be