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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Signs of Bacterial Conjunctivitis |
Redness of the conjunctiva Mild or no lacrimation Yellow discharge |
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Bacterial conjunctivitis symptoms |
Hot gritty itchy eyes Photophobia Eyelids stuck together on waking |
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Anterior Uveitis (iritis) symptoms |
Sudden onset for first episode Usually unilateral - if bilateral then more likely to become chronic Dull aching pain Photophobia Reduced VA Lacrimation Chronic - very few symptoms |
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Iritis signs |
Keratic precipitates Aqueous flare Raise IOPs Redness Distorted pupil with slow reaction |
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Open angle glaucoma treatment |
Drops to reduce IOP by reducing production of aqueous Laser to open drainage channels through the trabecular mesh work Incisions are made through scleral to allow drainage from anterior chamber |
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Signs of Open angle Glauc |
IOP above 22mmhg Enlarged cupping of optic discs Typical pattern of field loss |
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Pinguecula treatment |
None unless cosmetically unacceptable Take care when fitting cls to avoid irritation |
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Pterygium signs |
Raised triangular growth on conjunctiva which invades the cornea Nasal side of cornea Pink/yellow in colour Continued growth may encroach pupil Bilateral |
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Symptoms of pterygium |
Painless Irritated with cl wear Cornea distorted Reduced va if encroaches pupil |
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Pterygium treatment |
Surgery Radiation Cl wear is possible after removal is large diameter |
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Contact dermatitis signs |
Localised allergic reaction Inflammation of conjunctiva and eyelids Eyelids are red and puffy May extend down cheeks |
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Contact dermatitis symptoms |
Severe itching Discomfort |
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Contact dermatitis treatment |
Refer to GP Cool compress to soothe irritation Steroid drops or cream to reduce inflammation |
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Iritis treatment |
Emergency referral Record full history along with VA and IOP (non contact) Sunglasses fr photophobia |
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Chalazion signs |
Swelling inside lid Hard and eventually enlarges Localised greyish area on tarsal conjunctiva on lid eversion Not near eyelashes |
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Chalazion symptoms |
Painless If growth continues can put pressure on cornea and distort it Distorted VA |
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Open Angle glaucoma symptoms |
Usually symptomless until serious visual field loss has occurred Can get headaches |
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Chalazion treatment |
Referral to GP for surgical removal if needed Referral non urgent unless abrading the cornea May disappear itself |
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Xanthelasma signs |
Flat yellow masses of high fat deposited below the skin Along the upper and lower eyelids |
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Xanthelasma symptoms |
None |
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Xanthelasma treatment |
Refer to Gp for health check This is an indication for a high level of cholesterol Common in diabetic patients |
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Epicanthus signs |
Vertical fold of skin covering the inner canthus Usually bilateral and gives appearance of esotropia |
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Epicathus symptoms |
None |
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Epicanthus treatment |
None as it is a normal feature that gradually disappears with age |
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Keratoconus signs |
Irregular astigmatism in examination Cornea bulging into conical shape Munsons sign |
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Keratoconus symptoms |
Progressively blurred vision due to increasing astigmatism Monocular Diplopia Sudden drop in acuity if oedema occurs |
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Keratoconus treatment |
Refer to ophthalmologist RGP lens gives smooth regular surface and reduces effect of irregular astigmatism Piggy back lens if RGP lens not tolerated Corneal graft is severe or collagen cross linking Not always able to correct sufficiently in spec lenses |
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Closed Angle Glaucoma treatment |
Immediately with systemic medication to reduce aqueous humour and miotic drops to constrict pupil Refer urgently to A&E if iop over 34 Long term treatment may be surgical A&E referral telephone hospital and email referral letter |
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Retinoblastoma signs |
Unilateral or bilateral White pupil reflex cause by pale tumour at eye posterior White reflect shows in photography Squint can occur with reduced acuity Can Cause iris colour change Find us image shows white-pink mass |
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Retinoblastoma symptoms |
Often none Due to age of child acuity reduction is not identified Occasionally painful and red eye |
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Retinoblastoma treatment |
Enucleation to avoid metasis Rumour can spread to orbit and optical canal so early detection paramount Urgent referral to A&E Radiotherapy |
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Naevus signs |
Pigmented area on surface of iris Freckle or mole Can be flag or slightly raised Usually regular in shape |
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Naevus symptoms |
None |
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Naevus treatment |
None patient reassured |
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Blepharitis signs |
Dandruff at the eyelashes Inflamed lid margins Lids appear swollen |
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Blepharitis symptoms |
Discomfort Sore itchy lids Burning sensation Sticky lids |
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Blepharitis treatment |
Refer to GP if antibiotics required Improve hygiene so use sterile wipes Warm eye ode with wheat germ Defer cl wear |
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Bacterial conjunctivitis treatment |
Gp if antibiotics required Bathe lids Defer cl wear Boil towels Antibiotic eye drops |
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Closed angle signs |
Acute attack the eye is red Cloudy cornea Pupil dilated into vertical oval IOP may be over 60mmhg |
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Arcus signs |
Opaque white/grey band at periphery of iris |
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Arcus symptoms |
None |
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Arcus treatment |
Refer to gp for cholesterol check Reduce cholesterol intake |
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Sub conjunctival haemorrhage signs |
Burst blood vessel between conjunctiva and tenons capsule |
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Sub conjunctival haemorrhage symptoms |
Possible discomfort Can sometimes have pain |
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Sub conjunctival haemorrhage treatment |
None Refer to GP if recurring for blood pressure check A&e if trauma |
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Stye (hordeleum externum) signs |
Inflammation and swelling of lid margin where eyelashes are |
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Stye symptoms |
Discomfort No photophobia |
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Stye treatment |
Hot compress Golden eye ointment from pharmacy Eyelash removal Manage in practice |
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Keratitis signs |
Red eye Corneal ulcer Usually one eye Lacrimation Discharge |
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Closed angle glaucoma symptoms |
Severe pain - vomiting Blurred vision Haloes around lights Frontal headaches |
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Keratitis symptoms |
Pain Blurred vision Photophobia Reduced VA if ulcer central Foreign body sensation |
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Keratitis causes |
Corneal trauma Cl wear Dry eye Herpes simplex |
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Keratitis treatment |
Urgent to A&E Antibiotic drops Steroids |
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Hypopyon signs |
White blood cells deposited in lower anterior chamber |
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Hypopyon symptoms |
No pain No lacrimation No photophobia |
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Hypopyon causes |
Linked to bacterial keratitis May lead to acute secondary glaucoma |
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Hypopyon treatment |
Urgent to A&E Antibiotic drops Subconjunctival injections |
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Hyphaema signs |
Blood in the anterior chamber |
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Hyphaema symptoms |
Pain and blurred vision Particularly if the c.lens is displaced Possible visual field loss if retinal detachment |
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Hyphaema causs |
Blow to the eye e.g blow out fracture May lead to secondary glaucoma |
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Coloboma symptoms |
Photophobia Glare Reduced VA Aberrations Loss of field |
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Hyphaema treatment |
Urgent to A&E Miotics to reduce iop Surgery may be necessary to remove blood clot or c.lens |
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Retinoblastoma cause |
Hereditary Nuclear layers in foetal retina arise from genetic mutation Rare tumour found affecting very young children |
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Basal cell carcinoma signs |
Lesion of eye lid or nose Misaligned eyelashes Pearly edge Similar to pizza |
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BCC symptoms |
No pain Slight discomfort May become ulcerated |
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BCC causes |
Possible previous occurrence |
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BCC treatment |
Surgical treatment GP referral Referral to dermatologist for treatment |
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Coloboma signs |
Section of inferior iris missing Keyhole shaped pupil Usually bilateral |
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Coloboma treatment |
Cosmetic contact lens hand painted Large spec frame to protect from UV light Photochromatic Manage in practice |
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Pinguecula signs |
Raised yellowish areas on the bulbar conjunctiva either side of the limbus Become more prominent with age and more yellow |
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Pinguecula symptoms |
Generally none Can cause irritation with cl |
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Chemical burn signs |
Inflammation Lacrimation Cornea cloudy |
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Chemical burn signs |
Inflammation Lacrimation Cornea cloudy |
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Chemical burn symptoms |
Pain Blurred vision |
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Chemical burn signs |
Inflammation Lacrimation Cornea cloudy |
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Chemical burn symptoms |
Pain Blurred vision |
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Chemical burn cayss |
Occupational accident DIY accident Acid attack |
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Chemical burn signs |
Inflammation Lacrimation Cornea cloudy |
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Chemical burn symptoms |
Pain Blurred vision |
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Chemical burn cayss |
Occupational accident DIY accident Acid attack |
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Chemical burn treatment |
Immediate irrigation Flush excessively with saline or water Urgent referral to A&E |
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Detached retina signs |
No external visible signs Retinal blood vessels in this area may appear darker Ophthalmoscope shows purple grey area which appears ripped or folded |
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Retinal detachment symptoms |
Progressive visual field loss Flashes and floaters Reduced VA |
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Retinal detachment causes |
High myopia Exertion Aging Cataract surgery |
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Entropian treatment |
Removal of eyelashes Bandage CL Surgery may be required GP for surgery |
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Ptosis signs |
Dropping upper lids due to paralysis of Levator muscle |
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Ptosis symptoms |
Poor VA if eyelid obscures pupil Loss of field in upper region No pain |
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Ptosis treatment |
Ptosis prop Surgery GP non urgent |
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Malignant melanoma of the iris signs |
Darker iris area May appear thicker and cause distortion of the pupil Bleeding may occur causing hyphaema |
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Malignant melanoma of the iris symptoms |
None Unless tumour blocks angle of anterior chamber productions secondary glaucoma |
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Malignant melanoma of the iris treatment |
Gp referral urgent Surgery if enlargement occurs Removal of tumour or eye No treatment if no bleeding or pupil distortion |
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Retinal detachment treatment |
Urgent referral to A&E Laser Cryotherapy to seal retina onto pigment epithelium Injecting gas in front of detachment to push back onto pigment epithelium |
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Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) signs |
Red eyes Small lumps along lid margin Sometimes crusty appearance |
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MGD symptoms |
Discomfort Eyes feel gritty itchy Blurred vision Similar to dry eye |
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MGD treatment |
Gp if antibiotics are required Massage lids to promote secretion or pile by the glands Use a hot compress Defer cl wear |
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Ectropian signs |
Lower lid margin rolls outwards Dropping lower lids Conjunctiva becomes red and dry |
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Ectropian symptoms |
Dry eye Soreness of facial skin No pain No loss of vision |
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Ectropian treatment |
Gp referral non urgent Surgery Dispense large frame and side shields |
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Entropian signs |
Lower lid margin rolls inwards Inflammation Corneal scarring |
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Entropian symptoms |
Pain Lacrimation Corneal scarring may lead to reduced VA |
