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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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anxiety |
when fear persists long after the threat has subsided |
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anxiety responses |
when you become afraid |
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What are the 4 elements of anxiety |
1. cognitive (negative thoughts) 2. somatic/physical (nausea, heart rate, sweat) 3. emotional (dread, distress, panic, anger) 4. behavioral (fidgeting, running, nail biting) but, none are sufficient in defining anxiety, there are often combinations |
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Panic Disorder |
feelings of terror that strike suddenly and with seemingly no warning...not caused by something. |
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symptoms of panic attack |
4 or more...pounding heart, sweating, chills, hot flashes, shortness of breath, feelings of unreality/fuzzy (derealization) |
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biological view for panic disorder |
3 components: - genetics (why women and 1st degree relatives diagnosed more) - biochemical (seems to be poor regulation of norepinephrine) - neuroanatomy (part of brain that inhibits reaction is not functioning properly) |
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biological treatment for panic disorder |
drugs help a lot of people tricyclic antidepressants imiprimine/Tofranil - affect norepinephrine SSRIs not as effective at targeting serotonin also basic downers would be used: benzodiazapines: Xanax or Valium |
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cognitive view for Panic Disorder |
that we misinterpret bodily sensations as a sign of impending doom/disaster |
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drugs used for both Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia |
imiprimine/Trofranil...want to affect norepinephrine |
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specific phobias criteria |
1. marked fear/anxiety about specific objects or situation 2. exposure produces immediate anxiety 3. object avoided/endured with intense anxiety 4. fear out of proportion to actual danger 5. persists typically more than 6 months 6. distress or impairment |
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types of specific phobias |
1. animal (snakes, dogs, spiders, rats, bats) 2. natural environment (heights, deep water, storms) 3. blood- injection- injury (needles, dental, heart rate does opposite) 4. situational (elevator, bridges, flying, caves) 5. other type (choking or vomiting, clowns, ghosts, falling down) |
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psychoanalytic account for explaining phobias |
fear of something else displaced onto the object - little hans fear of horse |
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behavioral account for phobias |
Mowrer's two factor theory says that classical conditioning leads to the fear of the phobic object and operant conditioning helps maintain it |
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treatment for specific phobias: behavioral |
flooding systematic desensitization modeling applied tension (best treatment) |
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biological treatment for specific phobias |
drugs: benzodiazapines and antidepressants (SSRIs) |
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prepared classical conditioning |
theory that evolution has prepared people to be easily conditioned to fear objects or situations that were dangerous in ancient times |
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generalized anxiety disorder GAD |
fear of many things/various aspects of life - prolonged, vague and anxious all the time about many things, unexplained fears 14% young people have it; 90% with another disorder "mother anxiety" |
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criteria for GAD |
- excessive worry about a number of events, more days than not over 6 months - difficulty controlling worry - 3 or more sx's (restlessness, fatigued, difficulty concentrating, irritability, muscle tension, sleep problems - impairment in functioning |
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cognitive and behavioral theories for GAD |
-intense negative emotions. not controllable, heightened reactivity to emotional stimuli - maladaptive assumptions - challenge thoughts, coping strategies more effective than benzos, placebos etc. - have to focus on worrying and refocus thinking, talk about what worst thing to happen is |
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biological theories for GAD |
worry connected to neurotransmitter GABA abnormalities, not enough to inhibit - drug to increase GABA generic: buspirone Brand: Buspar - tends to reduce symptoms without side effects and also treats self-injurious behaviors |
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Obsessive Compulsive Disorder |
people experience anxiety as a result of their obsessional thoughts and their inability to carry out their compulsive behaviors - characterized by obsessions and compulsions |
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obsessions |
thoughts, images, or urges that are persistent that uncontrollably intrude on consciousness, and that usually cause significant anxiety or distress |
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compulsions |
repetitive behaviors or mental acts that an individual feels he or she must perform |
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criteria for OCD |
obsessions: 1. recurrent, intrusive thoughts that cause anxiety and distress 2. person attempts to ignore/suppress thoughts with another thought or action compulsions: 1. repetitive behaviors or mental acts that person feels driven to perform in response to an obsession or according to rules that must be applied rigidly 2. behaviors or mental acts are aimed at preventing or reducing anxiety/distress or some dreaded event compulsions arent realistically connected to what they are designed to prevent or are excessive O's or C's are time consuming (>1hr/day) or cause distress or impairment |
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common obsessions |
- contamination - aggression - need for symmetry - sexual thoughts - impulses to do something against one's moral code, may not do it but locked in head - repeated doubts of catastrophic event - others being hurt or suffering negative consequences or some disease will strike if do not perform compulsions |
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common compulsions |
- cleaning - checking - repeating - ordering |
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psychoanalytic theory and treatment for OCD |
view: unconscious conflict, obsession is defense to prevent conflict from surfacing treatment: talk about what happened |
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cognitive behavioral theory and treatment for OCD |
view: comorbid disorder- depression, that tends for obsess's to increase then downward spiral - compulsions are negative reinforcement for obsessions bc they take away anxiety treatment: interrupt cycle...exposure and response prevention therapy |
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biological theory and treatment for OCD |
view: certain parts of the brain that serve to inhibit or filter certain thoughts may not be functioning properly - abnormally low seratonin treatment: drugs |
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drug therapy for OCD |
tricyclic antidepressants: clomipramine & Anafranil SSRIs: fluoxetine & Prozac/Paxil/Zoloft |
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PTSD |
consequences of experiencing extreme trauma - actual/threatened death, serious injury, sexual violation - 7 % who have trauma get PTSD - can be cognitive or mood |
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PTSD criteria |
1. exposure to actual or threaten death, serious injury or sexual violence in 1 of following ways: - indirect experience - witnessing - learning of a trauma to a close fam/friend - exposure to aversive details (therapists, police) 2. (next notecard) 3. alterations in arousal & reactivity (2+) - quick to irritability/anger - reckless or self destructive behavior - hypervigilence - exaggerated startle response - problems concentrating - sleep disturbance 4. duration at least or more than one month 5. distress or impairment |
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three categories of defining PTSD symptoms |
1. intrusive symptoms (1+) - recurrent intrusive mems - recurrent dreams/nightmares - acting/feeling as if trauma were happening again - intense distress @ exposure to cues - physiological reaction to cues 2. persistent avoidance (1+) - avoids thoughts & feelings - avoid external reminders 3. negative alterations in cognitions & mood (2+) - inability to remember important aspects - persistent/exaggerated negative beliefs about self, others &/or world - persistent distorted thinking or blame - self or others - diminished interest in activities - feeling detached - inability to experience positive feelings |
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treating PTSD |
- talking about event seems to give relief they are looking for - confronting - prolonged exposure therapy exposure prevents avoidance and allows for emotional processing in safe environment - client repeatedly relives the trauma in as much as detail as can remember |
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generic for Prozac |
fluoxetine |
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four of six SSRIs to treat depression |
Celexa, Prozac, Paxil, Zoloft |
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what does a SSRI do? |
increase the brain's supply of available serotonin, a neurotransmitter that plays a central role in mood and alertness |
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which type of antidepressant caused much more severe side effects |
the tricyclics |
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dissociation |
when parts of an individual's identity, memory or consciousness split from one another |
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dissociation definition |
sudden, temporary alteration in functions of consciousness, identity or motor behavior in which some part of 1 or more of these functions is lost: - consciousness ( can't remember important personal events) - identity (new id that dominates behavior is temporarily assumed) - behavior (consciousness &/or id also affected. wandering most common) |
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Dissociative identity Disorder |
Syndrome in which aperson develops more than one distinct identity or personality, each of whichcan have distinct facial and verbal expressions, gestures, interpersonalstyles, attitudes and even physiological responses |
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Dissociative Identity Disorder DID criteria |
1. disruption of identity characterized by 2 or more distinct personality states (disruption includes discontinuity in sense of self & alterations in affect, behavior, consciousness, memory etc) 2. gaps in recall of everyday events, important personal info &/or traumatic event inconsistent w/ ordinary forgetting 3. distress or impairment 4. not cultural or religious 5. not substance induced |
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hidden observer phenomenon |
- Argued there is an active mode to consciousness, includes our conscious plans and desires and our voluntary actions - have 2 states of consciousness 1. active mode to consciousness 2. passive receptive mode (store info without knowledge of how it got in) - hypnotized patients and said they wouldnt feel pain but would remember it when cued - as if hidden observer recording pain while they weren't aware - information getting into memory without awareness its getting in there |
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theories for DID |
- coping skills for trauma - people who are highly suggestable and hypnotizable create the alternate pers' to cope (safety, security, nurturance) - temporary defense becomes stabilized - stems from childhood |
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different types of awareness in DID |
- all amnesia...nobody knows about another - one way amnesia- a knows b, b doesnt know a - complete knowledge |
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treatment for DID |
goal is integrating alternate personalities into a coherent personality and rebuild trusting relationships - hypnosis used - look at the persons functioning and determine if they have the psych resources to go through trauma work...then determine approach to use |
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2 types of approaches for treating DID |
- integrating the personalities back into the core personality (ideal) - requires high functioning and years of work with a skilled therapist and heartache and trauma - start by mapping what personalities are aware then id core pers. - realize why it happened and that altars are no longer necessary 2. support most adaptive - try to squelch the others. when a person is lacking the psychological resources for integration. try to allow core to have most control by giving them resources they need and skill sets |
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Dissociative Amnesia |
psychologically induced amnesia (not DID...might be another person bc you dont know who you are but its a consistent person |
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criteria for dissociate amnesia |
1. inability to recall important autobiographical info, usually of a traumatic or stressful nature-inconsistent with ordinary forgetting 2. distress or impairment 3. not attributable to substances or neurological/med condition 4. not better explained by DID or PTSD etc |
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supplement to DID...necessary thing to specify in criteria |
with or without dissociative fugue |
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Dissociative fugue |
- wandering state - apparently purposeful travel or bewildered wandering associated with amnesia for identity or other important biographical information |
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types of amnesia |
1. retrograde 2. anterograde |
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retrograde amnesia |
- part of psychogenic amnesia (absense of brain injury or disease) - most in dissociative amnesia - inability to remember things from the past - basically do not remember who they are |
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anterograde amnesia |
inability to learn new information after the trauma...have partial retrograde often |
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depersonalization/derealization disorder
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episodes where they feel detached from their own mental processes - diagnosed when episodes are so frequent they interfere |
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Somatic Symptom Disorders |
group of 5 disorders with the following features: 1. significant physical symptoms for which there is often no apparent organic (physical or neurological) cause 2. symptoms are not consciously produced or under physical control 3. there is strong reason to believe that psychological factors are involved |
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Conversion Disorder |
previously known as hysteria - belief psych stress/trauma converted into physicla symptoms |
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criteria/symptoms of Conversion Disorder |
1 or more symptoms of altered voluntary motor or sensory function 2. evidence of incompatibility between the symptoms and recognized neurological or medical conditions 3. subtypes used in the dx - with weakness or paralysis - with abnormal movement - with swallowing symptoms - speach symptom - attacks or seizures - anesthesia or sensory loss - special sensory symptom - with mixed symptoms |
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somatic symptom disorder |
- one or more somatic symptoms that are distressing or result in disruption in daily life - excessive thoughts, feelings or behaviors related to the symptoms or associated health concerns as manifest by the following: |
