Abnormal Behavior Chapter 6 & 7

Front 1

Somatoform Disorders

Back 1

A group of disorders in which people experience significant physical symptoms for which there is no organic (medical) cause. Can be very hard to diagnose as some people experience very real symptoms, but tests and exams reveal no known medical cause

Front 2

Hysteria

Back 2

The term coined by Sigmund Freud to describe these types of disorders

Front 3

Psychosomatic Disorders

Back 3

Are disorders in which people have an actual documented medical illness or defect such as high blood pressure that is made worse by psychological factors

Front 4

Malingering

Back 4

People who fake symptoms or disorders to avoid situations such as imprisonment or military draft.

Front 5

Factitious Disorders

Back 5

Deliberate faking of illness to receive medical attention

Front 6

Dissociation

Back 6

characterized by identity disturbances, memory loss or splitting of consciousness. Medical attention for physical symptoms memory loss, forgetfulness, poor concentration, fear health concerns, hearing voices and feeling “out of their body.”

Front 7

Munchausen’s Syndrome

Back 7

parent’s fake or create illnesses in children to gain attention for themselves. act as “protectors” in order to receive praise and attention from medical personnel and family members. Children are often subjected to unnecessary, invasive medical procedures as a result.

Front 8

Conversion Disorder

Back 8

People with this disorder lose functioning in a part of their bodies. Common conditions include: paralysis, blindness, seizures, hearing loss and loss of limb sensation. Usually symptoms appear following a severe psychological stressor or trauma

Front 9

Conversion Disorder Treatment

Back 9

focuses on reducing anxiety by using systematic desensitization and exposure therapies

Front 10

Somatization Disorder

Back 10

causes the patient to have multiple physical complaints involving several areas of the body when no known medical cause can be found.

Front 11

Stigmatization Disorder Symptoms

Back 11

Symptoms must be in at least 4 areas for diagnosis with at least 2 non-pain related symptoms (nausea, diarrhea), a non pain related sexual symptom (erectile dysfunction) and a neurological symptom (double vision). usually vague, dramatic or exaggerated.

Front 12

Pain Disorder

Back 12

Individuals who complain only of chronic pain due to psychological factors.
These individuals are usually prone to depression and anxiety and often express this distress somatically ie. bullied child has stomache or substance abusers

Front 13

The Jury is Out

Back 13

No significant relationship between these disorders and genetics or environment. theorists believe that somatization or pain disorder is modeled to a child by a parent who has it. may learn that this is the only way to get attention and adopt the disorder.

Front 14

Treatment

Back 14

Treatment of individuals with these disorders is difficult as they believe their problems are physical not psychological and are often very resistant. education to help people interpret their symptoms more logically. connect physical symptoms with emotions

Front 15

Hypochondriasis

Back 15

tend to experience fewer physical symptoms, but tend to worry more about them (Example: I have a mole, so it must be skin cancer) .seek out medical attention much faster due to their anxiety than those with somatization disorder

Front 16

Body Dysmorphic Disorder

Back 16

overly preoccupied with a perceived flaw or part of their body they feel is somehow defective. Both men and women suffer from this disorder but tend to focus on different body parts. co-occurs with anxiety, OCD, depression or personality disorders.

Front 17

Body Dysmorphic Disorder Treatment

Back 17

Cognitive behavior therapy focuses on challenging the client’s maladaptive thinking about their body and exposing them to feared situations
Systematic Desensitization

Front 18

Dissociative Disorders

Back 18

chronic problems integrating their active and their receptive consciousness (integrating different aspects of consciousness is difficult and they tend to split off independently of each other).

Front 19

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
multiple personality disorder

Back 19

appear to have more than one identity or personality. “alter” has different ways of perceiving and relating to the world. People with this disorder may exhibit completely different facial expressions, speech characteristics, gestures, styles and attitudes

Front 20

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) Symptoms

Back 20

presence of alternate personalities with distinct qualities. alters appear as children that never aged. Childhood trauma is often associated with DID and the host or main personality escapes the trauma,( burning, cutting) personality disorders, PTSD, antisocial

Front 21

Real??

Back 21

Most people who report DID have a history of severe physical or sexual abuse during childhood. highly suggestible and easily hypnotized. personalities are consciously created to help the individual cope with their lives following trauma.

Front 22

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) Symptoms Treatment

Back 22

integration of personalities into one coherent personality. helping the person cope with challenges that they relied on their alters to deal with.
few empirically supported studies of successful treatment

Front 23

Dissociative Fugue

Back 23

may move or assume a new identity without any memory of their previous identity. no memory of the prior events. A fugue can last for days or years.
fugue following traumatic events
history of amnesia or brain injury

Front 24

Dissociative Amnesia

Back 24

Significant experience of amnesia without assuming another personality or identity. They are also aware of these large gaps in memory.

Front 25

Organic Amnesia:

Back 25

is caused by medical conditions such as brain trauma, drugs or surgery.

Front 26

Psychogenic Amnesia

Back 26

arises in the absence of brain injury or disease and is thought to have psychological causes.

Front 27

Types of Amnesia- Retrograde

Back 27

The inability to remember information from the past (can be organic or psychogenic) Example: a car accident may result in retrograde amnesia for events that occurred just prior to the crash. In major cases, people can forget their identity and have no memory of their past.

Front 28

Types of Amnesia-Anterograde

Back 28

Short term memory loss usually resulting from head trauma or disease

Front 29

Types of Amnesia- Psychogenic Amnesia

Back 29

may be the result of dissociation related to trauma (example: repressed memories of abuse).

Front 30

Controversy

Back 30

Less than ¼ of psychiatrist’s polled believe that there is strong empirical evidence that dissociative disorders are valid diagnoses. 20-40% of individuals who experience these traumas in childhood can remember most or all details as adults

Front 31

Unipolar Depression

Back 31

described as feeling sad, blue, unhappy, miserable, or down in the dumps. Most of us feel this way at one time or another for short periods.

Front 32

Clinical depression

Back 32

is a mood disorder in which feelings of sadness, loss, anger, or frustration interfere with everyday life for a longer period of time

Front 33

Unipolar Depression Symptoms

Back 33

Low or irritable mood,loss of pleasure in usual activities Trouble sleeping or sleeping too much,change in appetite,lack of energy,self-hate, Difficulty concentrating Slow or fast movements, or helpless, Low self-esteem

Front 34

Major Depression

Back 34

must have five or more of the symptoms listed above for at least 2 weeks. Major depression tends to continue for at least 6 months if not treated.

Front 35

Minor Depression

Back 35

have less than five depression symptoms for at least 2 weeks. Minor depression is similar to major depression except it only has two to four symptoms

Front 36

Atypical depression

Back 36

occurs in about a third of patients with depression. Symptoms include overeating and oversleeping. You may feel like you are weighed down and get very upset by rejection.

Front 37

Dysthymic Disorder

Back 37

milder form of depression that can last for years, if not treated. Diagnosis requires symptoms lasting up to 2 years including: poor appetite, overeating, insomnia or hypersomnia, low energy, fatigue, low self esteem, poor concentration and feelings of hopelessness

Front 38

double depression

Back 38

Some individuals with dysthymic disorder also experience major depression intermittently

Front 39

Seasonal Affective Disorder SAD

Back 39

2 years of experiencing and recovering from major depressive episodes when daylight hours are short depression occurs and when days become longer the individual recovers. between November and February. approx 1% affected. Light therapy relief

Front 40

Prevalence

Back 40

16% of Americans will experience an episode of major depression. 18-29 year olds have the highest. lowest in people over the age of sixty. can be mis-diagnosed as dementia. 75% suffer an episode of major depression will have a recurrence within their lifetime

Front 41

Bipolar Disorder

Back 41

Bipolar disorder affects men and women equally. It usually starts between ages 15 - 25. The exact cause is unknown, but it occurs more often in relatives of people with bipolar disorder.

Front 42

Bipolar disorder type I

Back 42

had at least one manic episode and periods of major depression In the past, bipolar disorder type I was called manic depression

Front 43

Bipolar disorder type II

Back 43

never had full mania. Instead they experience periods of high energy levels and impulsiveness that are not as extreme as mania (called hypomania). These periods alternate with episodes of depression.

Front 44

Mania

Back 44

Easily distracted, Little need for sleep, Poor judgment
Poor temper control, Reckless behavior and lack of self control, Very elevated mood, Very involved in activities
Very upset (agitated or irritated)

Front 45

Cyclothymic Disorder

Back 45

Cyclothymia involves less severe mood swings. alter between hypomania. depressive episodes functioning can deteriorate) symptoms must be present over a 2 year. bipolar disorder type II or cyclothymia may be wrongly diagnosed as having depression.

Front 46

Prevalence

Back 46

Bipolar is less common than unipolar depression. 1-2 people out of 100. experience social and occupational problems related to the disorder. “highs” of mania and feel medications are too sedating. Substance abuse is very common

Front 47

Biological Theories Genetics:

Back 47

Individuals with 1st degree relative (parents, siblings) have a 2-3 times greater risk for developing the disorder. Depression beginning earlier in life tends to have a stronger genetic link. Abnormalities in Serotonin levels. Slower activity in several brain

Front 48

Endocrine System

Back 48

individuals exposed to early trauma show elevated levels of Cortisol and excess cortisol can affect normal brain development. tend to be more physiologically sensitive to stressors. Hormonal factors

Front 49

Psychological Factors

Back 49

Behavioral theories indicate that depression arises from life stress and positive reinforces are subsequently reduced in the person’s life.

Front 50

Learned Helplessness

Back 50

If stress is uncontrollable depression is more likely to result. Starved dog example

Front 51

Cognitive Theories

Back 51

depression being related to the negative cognitive triad: These people have a negative view of themselves, the world and the future. ignore positive events and focus on negative. blame their failings on internal factors. no way to cope

Front 52

Interpersonal Theories

Back 52

theory focuses on relationships, interpersonal difficulties and losses. Stressors related to relationships are likely to cause depression. act in ways that create conflict in relationships. sensitive to any perceived rejection by others

Front 53

Cohort Effect

Back 53

postulates that more people experience depression in modern times. Prior to 1915 fewer than 20% of people reported feeling depressed, whereas 40% of people born after 1950 have reported depression. believe this is due to changing social factors and unrealistic expectations

Front 54

Cultural Differences

Back 54

Hispanics have a higher prevalence of depression caused by increased poverty, unemployment and discrimination. African Americans report less depression than Americans and often come from disadvantaged backgrounds. African Americans higher incidence of anxiety disorders and stress

Front 55

Psychosocial- Bipolar

Back 55

people with bipolar disorder show an increased sensitivity to reward. Stress is a trigger for individual’s with this disorder including family stressors. Changes in bodily rhythms or routines can trigger a cycling episode

Front 56

Treatments-Biological- Biopolar

Back 56

drug treatments such as mood stabilizers, anticonvulsant drugs and occasionally ECT are used to stabilize the symptoms. SSRIs. lithium, Depakote, Lamictal and Tegretol. antipsychotics are also frequently used: Risperdal, Seroquel, Abilify,

Front 57

Therapies-Behavior Therapy-Biopolar

Back 57

focuses on increasing positive reinforces and decreasing aversive(negative) experiences. They attempt to help the person change his/her patterns of interaction with the environment and other people.

Front 58

Therapies-Cognitive-Bipolar

Back 58

Help the client develop more effective coping skills, change negative thought patterns and realize how they contribute to their depression. Also, addressing core beliefs about self and others that may be maladaptive.

Front 59

Interpersonal Therapies- Bipolar

Back 59

treatment focuses on techniques to help the patient maintain a consistent daily routine especially a normal sleep cycle. self monitoring to identify behavior patterns. communication in relationships, role transitions (school to work) and deficits in social skills.

Front 60

Suicide

Back 60

as death from injury, poisoning, or suffocation where there is evidence that the injury was self inflicted and the person intended to kill him/herself. 33,000 people kill themselves annually. Internationally 1 million people die

Front 61

Suicide attempts

Back 61

are attempts to kill oneself that do not result in death.
3% of the population makes a suicide attempt in their lifetime

Front 62

Suicidal Ideation

Back 62

thoughts of committing the act of suicide which may or may not have a plan to follow through.
13% report suicidal thoughts.

Front 63

Gender and Age- Suicide

Back 63

Women are 2-3 times but men are 4 times more likely to succeed. Men tend to choose lethal means.
17% of adolescents report having suicidal thoughts. Older adults generally commit suicide less frequently

Front 64

Culture-Suicide

Back 64

European Americans #1
Native Americans #2
African Americans have increased steadily over the past 2-3 decades.

Front 65

Non-suicidal Self Injury

Back 65

Cutting seen among adolescents who may cut, puncture or burn with no intent to die. 13-45% increased risk for future suicide attempts. emotional regulation or influencing the social environment (attention). Borderline personality disorder.

Front 66

Suicide Factors

Back 66

Suicide tends to run in families. Children of parents who attempted suicide are 6 times more likely to attempt suicide. needs immediate care and often hospitalization

Front 67

Guns

Back 67

57% of suicides involve the use of a gun. The presence of a firearm in the home of someone who is suicidal make the risk of harm even greater.