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132 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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A significant increase in amylase and abdominal pain would likely represent... |
Focal pancreatitis |
think pancreas |
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A focal hypoechoic mass in HOP, with normal levels of amylase and asymptomatic patient would likely represent... |
Pancreatic Carcinoma |
very bad |
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Name the most common islet cell tumor and where they are seen |
Insulinoma, seen in body or tail of pancreas NOT in the head |
think pancreas |
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What is the name of the small accessory duct that drains the pancreas into second portion of duodenum |
Duct of Santorini |
name, think of a place in Greece |
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Name two of the most common causes of EXTRAhepatic cholestasis (obstructive jaundice) |
Commun duct stone and Pancreatic CA |
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What is the NONencapsulated gland, located in the anterior pararenal portion of the retroperitoneum |
Pancreas |
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Filling the stomach with water creates and acoustic window to better visualize what structure? |
Pancreatic tail |
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What is produced by the endocrine portion of the pancreas? |
The Islet of Langerhans in the pancreas secrete INSULIN |
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An amorphic hyperechoic area adjacent to the portal vein most likely represents what |
Focal Fatty Infiltration |
Diffuse areas |
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Increase in renal size, loss of corticomedulary boundary, bacteruria, and leukocytosis are associated with what? |
Acute Pyelonephritis |
acute vs chronic, shows different signs |
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A hyperechoic, non shadowing renal mass in a patient with candidiasis infection would represent what? |
Mycetoma or fungal mass |
candidiasis is a fungal infection |
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A renal artery velocity ____ times greater than the aortic velocity indicates renal artery stenosis |
A Renal Artery Ratio of 3.5 or greater indicates significant stenosis |
remember the real artery paperwork :) |
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Which two disorders may represent as calcifications of the medullary pyramids? |
Medullary sponge kidney and Papillary necrosis |
sponge and death |
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What is the most common hypoechoic mass in kidney? |
Renal Cell Carcinoma |
bad, what Jen had :( |
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Neonate presenting with no urine output and bilateral large hyrperechoic kidneys, represents what disease? |
Autosomal Recessive (infantile) Polycystic Kidney disease |
infantile recess |
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Cystic development of native kidneys in a long term dialysis patient is associated with what disease? |
Acquired Cystic Kidney Disease |
Not born with but, pick up along the way |
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Rounded or triangular cystic or hypoechoic medullary pyramids, likely represent what? |
Papillary Necrosis |
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A low amplitude internal waveform with a slowed systolic acceleration is called what? |
Pulsus Parvus Tardus or Parvus Tardus |
tard |
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A triangular Hyerechoic area seen along the anterior aspect of the upper pole of RIGHT kidney is what? |
Junctional Parenchymal defect |
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A triangular or wedge shaped hypoechoic area seen in an organ most likely represents what? |
Infarct |
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Acute rejection of transplanted kidney is indicated by: |
- Increase renal Volume AND length - Loss of coticomedullary junction - Thickened renal cortex |
kidney looks swollen |
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Multicystic dysplastic kidney is associated with what? |
A CONTRAlateral Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction |
opposite side UPJ (junction between ureter and renal pelvis) |
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Acute Tubular Necrosis and Cyclosporin Toxicity represent the same sonogranphic findings and doppler findings as what? |
Acute Rejection |
Increase in renal size, loss of corticomedulary boundary, bacteruria, and leukocytosis
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The LEFT suprarenal (adrenal), left ovarian and left testicular veins drain into what vein? |
Left renal vein |
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The hypogastric (internal iliac vein) drains in to what vein? |
Common Iliac vein |
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Nephrocalcinosis, hyperparathyroidism, excess of vitamin D and malignancy are associated with what? |
Hypercalcemia |
too much calcium! |
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If diastole equals 0, what is the RI? What is the RI equation? |
RI = 1 RI= Systole - Diastole --------------------------- Systole |
1 over 1 equals..... |
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Diffuse thyroid enlargement with Hypervascularity is associated with? |
Grave's disease |
big eyes too |
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Sonographically an Acute Hematoma will appear? |
Hyperechoic |
Fresh spilled blood fills with fibrin, as time passes, the blood will begin to liquify appearing more anechoic |
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hypertrophic pyloric stenosis is characterized by wall measurement thicker than ____, and a canal length greater than____. |
ABNORMAL: Muscle wall > 4 mm Canal length > 12 mm |
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Benign Prostatic hyperplasia originates in what zone? Malignant Prostate lesions originate in what zone? |
Transitional zone benign Peripheral zone bad |
good transitions to bad borderline= bad |
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Horseshoe kidney, right sided aorta and midline location of liver are associated with what syndrome? |
Asplenia syndrome |
NO spleen |
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Cryptorchidism or undescended testes is associated with... |
- undescended teste commonly located in inguinal canal groin area - infertility - increase in malignancy - premies increased incidence |
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Which tumor is associated with increased Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) |
Yolk Sac Tumors |
Think fetal structure |
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-Vas deferens -cremasteric artery -deferential artery -testicular artery -pampiniform plexus of veins -lymphatic and nerves |
Spermatic cord |
VAS-ectomy DEF-ers CRE-amy LYM-p NERV-ous PAMP-ous TESTI-cle |
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The Vas deferens and the Seminal vesicle join to form the ___________ which transverses the Central zone of prostate. |
Ejaculatory Duct |
spits out baby batter |
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Most common testicular mass |
Seminoma |
sounds like semolina |
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In longitudinal image, what is target sign located anterior to proximal aorta and posterior to liver? |
gastroesphageal junction |
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Non-glandular anterior portion of prostate is called what?It is not affected by cancer, prostates or hyperplasia. |
Fibromuscular stroma |
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What is the fibrous capsule of the testicle? |
Tunica albuginea |
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The capsular artery seen around periphery of testicle and the centripetal artery are branches of what artery? |
Testicular artery |
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Name the peritoneal fold that encompasses the ligament teres and connects to the anterior abdominal wall |
Falciform ligament |
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What structure divides the right liver lobe from the left liver lobe? it has the GB, middle hepatic vein and IVC as landmarks. |
Main Lobar Fissure |
It's a fissure! |
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The falciform ligament is a landmark of what fissure? |
Left intersegmental fissure |
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What part of the liver is seen anterior to IVC and posterior to Lt lobe, also has it's own blood supply. |
Caudate lobe |
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Numerous worm-like venous collaterals that parallel and surround thromboses PV are called... |
Cavernous transformation |
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Syndrome characterized by thrombosis of HV's. Causes portal hypertension, ascites, abdominal girth and caudate lobe enlargement due to use of emissary veins for drainage. |
Budd-Chiari Syndrome |
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RUQ mass, with labs showing elevation in catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine), what is the likely diagnosis. |
Pheochromocytoma |
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where do pheochromocytomas originate? and what do they secrete? |
Adrenal medulla, they secrete catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) |
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Name the liver segment located between the Right HV and Mid HV |
Right anterior segment |
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Which vessels suppply about 60% of liver's oxygen needs, although it carries blood that is not 100% oxygenated? |
Portal Veins |
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Which hepatic mass is associated with a central stellate like scar? |
Focal Nodular Hyperplasia |
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What would cause the proper hepatic artery to have a High resistance (absence of diastole) waveform? |
-Liver transplant rejection -Venous outflow interruption (HV or IVC occlusion) |
two causes |
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An indirect sign of patency of a surgically created mesocaval shunt is... |
Reversed flow in Portal Vein or hepatofugal portal flow |
What's red becomes blue |
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What does TIPS stand for? |
Tansjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt |
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What part of the liver is the quadrate lobe located? |
Left medial segment |
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What is Klatskin's tumor? It causes what kind if biliary dilatation? what sign is associated with it? |
-Cholangiocarcinoma -Intrahepatic Ductal dilatation -"shot gun" or "parallel channel" sign |
I shot the sheriff |
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Pancreatic calcifications are a sign of.... |
Chronic pancreatitis |
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In acute pancreatitis which enzymes are elevated? which one remains elevated longer? |
-Amylase and Lipase -Lipase rises later and remains elevated toward end of recovery |
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Malignant masses typically display what kind of doppler waveform? |
High Velocity, Low resistance arterial waveform |
comes in fast and persists |
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Which abnormality more commonly in Asians causes Biliary obstruction? |
Choledochal cyst |
Two cystic structures in RUQ causing biliary obstruction |
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The superior mesenteric vessels (SMV and SMA) are located ______ to the uncinate process of panc. |
Anterior |
remember uncinate process curves around a bit |
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An obstructed GB without inflammation or thickening of the GB wall |
Hydropic GB |
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A dilated CBD posterior to the HOP would be attributed to a more distal obstruction, this is the most common cause of distal biliary obstruction.. |
Stone at the Ampulla of Vater |
Luke, I am your father |
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What causes an increase in unconjugated serum Bilirubin |
-Hemolysis (RBC breakdown) -Decreased liver Conjugation |
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Von Hippel-Lindau disease, tuberous sclerosis, and acquired cystic kidney disease are associated with a higher incidence of.... |
Renal Cell carcinoma |
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Multiple renal cysts in a 25 year old male may represent what kidney disease? |
Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney disease |
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Hydroureter, ureterocele, and hydronephrosis of upper pole of the kidney are seen with what... |
Completely Duplicated Urinary Collecting System |
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Which internal artery runs alongs the base of the renal pyramids? |
Arcuate |
base not apex, parallel to renal capsule |
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An abnormally high RI (>0.7) suggests |
Acute Renal Failure |
intrarenal vessels |
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An increased cortical thickness between the pyramids is called... |
Column of Bertin |
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Increased serum Nitrate is called |
Azotemia |
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What is the most common cancer in children? |
Wilm's tumor (aka) Nephroblastoma |
two names |
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Which structure is the most anterior i the renal hilum? |
Renal vein, then Renal artery, most posterior is the ureter |
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An urachal cyst is seen... |
Superior to the bladder near midline |
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A transplanted kidney is placed where? |
In the retroperitoneum |
same area space as native |
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Cerebral aneurysms are associated with what kind of kidney disease? |
Autosomal Dominant (adult) Polycystic kidney disease |
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Prominent medullary pyramids, increased renal size and high resistance intraparenchymal waveform are associated with |
Acute Tubular Necrosis |
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What is the most common cause of AKI (Acute Kidney Injury) |
Acute Tubular Necrosis |
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Hydronephrosis causes an ______ RI. |
Increased (>0.7) |
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An increase in Creatinine and Urea in the blood serum can be seen with... |
Chronic Renal Failure |
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Accumulation of pus in an obstructed collecting system is |
Pyonephrosis |
its like hydro but nastier |
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Bilateral HYPOechoic kidneys with loss of corticomedullary boundary likely represents.... |
Renal Lymphoma |
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Small HYPERechoic kidneys are seen with.... |
Chronic Pyelonephritis leading to end-stage renal disease |
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What are the branches of the aortic arch? |
Brachiocephalic (innominate) artery, Left Common Carotid artery and Left Subclavian artery |
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Hyperaldosteronism due to an adrenal adenoma is called... |
Conn's syndrome |
Aldo don't conn me |
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Which thyroid mass is a component of the MEN syndrome? |
Medullary Carcinoma |
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What is the normal bowel wall thickness? |
3 to 5 mm |
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The intratesticular structure seen as a hyperechoic linear object in longitudinal and a focal dot on transverse is the... |
Mediastinum testis |
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A superior extension of the thyroid seen on younger patients and is an anatomical variant is called... |
Pyramidal lobe |
walk like and egyptian |
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Testicular arteries are a branch of what vessel? |
Aorta, they directly branch from it |
the mother ship |
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Traumatic laceration of the splenic capsule may result in a hematoma in what region? |
Perisplenic hematoma |
Around or perimeter |
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What Structure is posterior to the thyroid and adjacent to the vertebral body? |
Longus Colli Muscle |
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Which liver section receives blood from both RPV and LPV branches? |
Caudate Lobe |
Stuck in the middle with you |
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ALT (Alanine Aminotrasferase) is concentrated in the liver. What is and elevated ALT associated with? name a few examples. |
An elevation of ALT is associated with liver damage. -metastatic liver disease -cirrhosis -acute hepatitis |
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With a patent TIPS both RPV and LPV will be what directional flow? |
Hepatofugal |
fugitive |
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Hepatic waveforms in the normal liver are typically _________ reflecting cardiac contractions. |
Triphasic |
3 is the key |
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What is the most common cause of portal hypertension in the US? |
Cirrhosis |
drink your liver to this |
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What is the most common cause of portal hypertension globally? |
Schistosomiasis |
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The right Lobe is divided by the right INTERsegmental fissure. Name the main landmark of the right intersegmental fissure. |
Right Hepatic Vein |
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Primary hyperparathyroidism is suspected with.... |
Hypercalcemia |
got too much milk |
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Multiple non communicating cysts seen with the absence of renal parenchyma in a newborn is indicative of what... |
Multicystic dysplastic kidney |
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A sonographic image showing cortical tissue separating two renal sinuses without hydronephrosis of the upper pole, would indicate |
Incomplete Duplex kidney |
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McBurney's sign indicates inflammatory pathology of what area of body? |
RLQ, indicative of acute appy |
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Where would you find Haustra markings? |
Colon |
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Fetal circulation pathway that connects the LPV to the IVC |
Ductus Venosus |
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What structure is; - a remnant of the ductus venous -remnant of fetal circulation that shunts blood from LPV to IVC bypassing liver -Divides caudate lobe from Lt lobe |
Ligamentum venosum |
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what structure: -Remnant of Umbilical vein -resides in Lt intersegmental fissure -recannalizes in severe cirrhosis -Echogenic spot TRV liver |
Ligamentum Teres |
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The following are associated with what sign? -Pancreatic carcinoma -painless jaundice -dilated GB -Biliary duct dilatation |
Courvoisier's sign |
Think fancy french name |
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Where is the lesser sac located? |
Anterior and superior to the pancreas |
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The following are all associated with -Polycythemia Vera -Lymphoma -PV Thrombosis -Schistosomiasis |
Splenomegaly |
You had me at Polycythemia Vera |
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What disease would result in Splenic atrophy (autosplenectomy)? |
Sickle Cell Anemia |
Think of prickly blood cells |
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What is the most common cause of splenomegaly? |
Portal Hypertension |
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All these are associated with: -Decreasing Hematocrit -Perisplenic splenic fluid collection -subcapsular fluid collection -pelvic fluid collection |
Splenic trauma |
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Most common newborn abdominal mass associated with a decrease in hematocrit. |
Adrenal hemorrhage |
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A 3 year old boy presents with hematuria and palpable left flank mass, sonography sees a slid renal mass, this finding most likely represents... |
Wilm's tumor |
Most common cancer in children |
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What is the most common NEONATAL abdominal/ kidney mass? |
Multicystic dysplastic Kidneys |
think multiple cystic lesions no cortex |
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What is the most common NEONATAL adrenal mass |
Adrenal Hemorrhage |
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Most common CHILDHOOD/ infancy adrenal mass? |
Adrenal Neuroblastoma (months-8 years) |
blast it |
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What is the most common cause of acute renal failure (ARF)? |
Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN) |
ATN => ARF |
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Acid Phosphatase is a lab value associated with what type of carcinoma? |
Prostate Carcinoma |
Their heart shaped internal box |
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Liver Mets causes an elevation in what lab value? |
Alpha- fetoprotein |
reminds me of dominant fetal |
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Which lab value is most sensitive indicator of Hepatocellular disease? |
ALT- Alanine Aminotrasferanse |
reset liver; Control- ALT - delete |
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Which lab value is specific for obstructive jaundice? |
Direct Bilirubin (CONjugated Bili, made by liver) |
Juan Luis Guerra y los 440 |
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Hemolytic disorders may result in an increase in what lab value? |
Indirect Bilirubin (Unconjugated bili, not water soluble, carried by blood to liver) |
If Blood can'y carry this to liver to become water soluble |
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Which vessel is INTERlobar? Which vessel is INTRAsegmental? |
-Hepatic veins -interlobar -Portal veins- intrasegmental |
hepatic lobe portal segment |
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The following Adrenal diseases, name what they result from. -Addison's disease -Cushing's disease |
-Addison's disease- chronic adrenal hypo function insufficiency, hypocortisolism -Cushing's diseas- adrenal hyper function, hypercotisolism |
-Addison's -skinny, weak -Cushing's- fat, fat face |
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The IVC and Aorta are located in what retroperitoneum space? |
Anterior Pararenal space |
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What is the space between the Posterior parietal peritoneum and the Posterior Abdominal Wall muscles? |
The RETROperitoneal Space |
Where the kidneys, bladder, prostate, colon, IVC, AO, are |
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The Halo sign is a sonolucent rim surrounding a thyroid mass, commonly seen in ... |
Adenomas |
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what is the most common primary thyroid CA |
Papillary Carcinoma |
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What liver lesion are associated with glycogen storage disease and contraception, have tendency to bleed and may transform into hepatocellular carcinoma. Resection is recommended. |
Hepatic adenomas |
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