Abac Biol 2050 Tortora Chapter 14

Front 1

Pathogen

Back 1

any disease causing organism.

Front 2

Pathology

Back 2

the study of disease.

Front 3

Pathogenesis

Back 3

the development of disease.

Front 4

Etiology

Back 4

the study of the cause of a disease.

Front 5

Signs

Back 5

changes that can be observed or measured.

Front 6

Symptoms

Back 6

changes that the patient experiences.

Front 7

Syndrome

Back 7

A group of signs and symptoms that accompany a disease

Front 8

Infection

Back 8

the invasion of the body by a pathogenic organism.

Front 9

Disease

Back 9

any change in the normal structure or function of a body part.

Front 10

Balanced pathogenicity

Back 10

a balance between the host’s defenses and the pathogenic mechanisms of the microbe.

Front 11

Normal microbiota

Back 11

those organisms that colonize the host but do not normally produce disease.

Front 12

Transient microbiota

Back 12

Microbes on/in the body only present for short periods of time.

Front 13

Microbial antagonism

Back 13

the competition among microbes.

Front 14

1 Normal flora competes for nutrients and thus may exclude harmful organisms.
2. Normal flora stimulates the immune system.
3 Normal flora can produce antimicrobial substances (antibiotics)
4 Normal flora provides a surface that is incompatible with attachment.
5 Normal flora can consume oxygen.
6 Normal flora can produce harmful metabolic byproducts.

Back 14

How does the normal microbiota helps to prevent colonization by pathogens?

Front 15

Probiotics

Back 15

live microbes applied to or ingested into the body, intended to exert a beneficial effect

Front 16

Commensalism

Back 16

an association in which one partner benefits but the other remains unaffected.

Front 17

Mutualism

Back 17

an association in which both partners benefit.

Front 18

Parasitism

Back 18

an association in which one organism benefits at the expense of the other organism.

Front 19

Opportunistic microbes

Back 19

organisms that do not cause disease unless the host is compromised

Front 20

The same pathogen must be present in all cases of the disease.

Back 20

What is Koch’s Postulate #1?

Front 21

The pathogen must be grown in pure culture from the diseased host.

Back 21

What is Koch’s Postulate #2?

Front 22

The same disease must be reproduced when a pure culture of the microbe is inoculated into a healthy, susceptible host.

Back 22

What is Koch’s Postulate #3?

Front 23

The pathogen must then be recovered from the experimentally infected host and shown to be the original organism.

Back 23

What is Koch’s Postulate #4?

Front 24

1.Some pathogens can cause several disease conditions
2. Some diseases are caused by multiple organisms
3. Some pathogens cause disease only in humans
4. Some pathogens cannot be grown outside a living host

Back 24

What are some exceptions to Koch’s Postulates?

Front 25

Communicable diseases

Back 25

Diseases that are spread directly or indirectly from host to host.

Front 26

Contagious disease

Back 26

Diseases that are easily spread from person to person.

Front 27

Noncommunicable diseases

Back 27

Diseases that are not spread host to host but from the environment or the normal flora.

Front 28

Carriers

Back 28

Infected people that are asymptomatic (subclinical) with a disease that is communicable.

Front 29

Incidence

Back 29

fraction of the population that contracts a disease during a time period.

Front 30

Prevalence

Back 30

fraction of the population that has a disease at a point in time.

Front 31

Epidemic

Back 31

an unusually large number of cases in a population.

Front 32

Endemic

Back 32

Cases representing the usual incidence

Front 33

pandemic

Back 33

a world wide epidemic.

Front 34

Sporadic

Back 34

Diseases only present in a population occasionally.

Front 35

Herd immunity

Back 35

immunity in most of a population

Front 36

Acute disease

Back 36

Disease that develops rapidly and is of short duration (progresses rapidly).

Front 37

Chronic disease

Back 37

Disease that develops slowly and a has a long duration (progresses slowly).

Front 38

Subacute disease

Back 38

Disease that develops rapidly but with a slow progression or develops slowly then has a rapid progression.

Front 39

Latent disease

Back 39

an acute disease with periods of inactivity.

Front 40

Local infection

Back 40

An infection confined to a small area.

Front 41

Systemic (generalized) infection

Back 41

An infection throughout the body.

Front 42

Focal infection

Back 42

An infection that starts out localized and spreads via the blood or lymphatic system.

Front 43

Sepsis

Back 43

toxic inflammatory condition arising from the spread of microbes, especially bacteria or their toxins, from a focus of infection

Front 44

Bacteremia

Back 44

bacteria in the blood.

Front 45

Septicemia

Back 45

bacteria in the blood that are multiplying.

Front 46

Toxemia

Back 46

toxin in the blood.

Front 47

Viremia

Back 47

viruses in the blood.

Front 48

Primary infection

Back 48

acute infection that causes the initial disease.

Front 49

Secondary infection

Back 49

Infection caused by an opportunist after the body is weakened by the primary infection.

Front 50

Subclinical (inapparent) infection

Back 50

an infection that does not cause any noticeable illness.

Front 51

Predisposing factors

Back 51

factors that make the body more susceptible and can affect the occurrence of disease.

Front 52

Age
Genetic background
Nutrition
Gender
climate
weather
crowding
occupation
habits
cultural factors
Health
Chemotherapy

Back 52

List some predisposing factors.

Front 53

Period of incubation

Back 53

time between infection and the appearance of signs and symptoms.

Front 54

Prodromal period

Back 54

period of early or mild symptoms of disease.

Front 55

Period of illness

Back 55

period when the disease is most acute.

Front 56

Period of decline

Back 56

signs and symptoms subside.

Front 57

Period of convalescence

Back 57

body returns to a healthy state.

Front 58

reservoir

Back 58

the sum of all potential sources of an infectious agent

Front 59

1 Human reservoirs
2 Animal reservoirs
3 Non-living reservoirs

Back 59

What are the 3 types of reservoirs?

Front 60

Zoonoses

Back 60

diseases transmitted from animal to humans.

Front 61

Direct contact transmission

Back 61

Person-to-person transmission

Front 62

Indirect contact transmission

Back 62

Person-to-fomite-to-person transmission

Front 63

Droplet

Back 63

transmission of mucous that travels <1 meter

Front 64

Airborne
foodborne
medical samples
waterborne

Back 64

Name the common vehicle transmissions

Front 65

Vector transmission

Back 65

transmission on or in an arthropod

Front 66

Biological vector transmission

Back 66

Transmission of pathogens that are carried inside the vector

Front 67

Mechanical vector transmission

Back 67

Transmission of pathogens that are carried outside the vector.

Front 68

Portal of exit

Back 68

the route that the pathogen leaves the body

Front 69

Nosocomial infections

Back 69

any infection acquired in a healthcare facility.

Front 70

Lister

Back 70

Scientist who instigated the use of aseptic techniques in hospitals using chloride of lime

Front 71

1 Presence of virulent pathogen
2 The Compromised Host
3 The Chain of Transmission

Back 71

What are the three reasons that nosocomial infections occur?

Front 72

1 Broken skin and mucous membranes.
2 Suppressed immune system.

Back 72

What are the two ways in which a host can be compromised?

Front 73

Hospital epidemiologist.

Back 73

The nurse responsible for tracking and preventing nosocomial infections

Front 74

Emerging infectious diseases (EID)

Back 74

diseases that are new or changing, showing an increase in incidence in the recent past, or a potential to increase in the near future.

Front 75

1 Symptoms that are clearly distinct from all other diseases
2 ID of a new pathogen
3 A local disease becomes widespread
4 A rare disease becomes common
5 A mild disease becomes more severe
6 A slow disease develops

Back 75

What are the criteria for identifying an EID?

Front 76

1 New serovars evolve
2 Genetic recombination
3 Antibiotics and pesticides
4 Changes in weather patterns- global warming
5 Modern transportation
6 Ecological change, war and expanding human settlement
7 Failure of animal control measures
8 Failure of public health efforts

Back 76

What are the factors contributing to EIDs?

Front 77

1 Distribution-period, reservoirs, population characteristics
2 Etiology- cause
3 Prevention and control
4 Transmission
5 Frequency

Back 77

What are the aspects of epidemiology?

Front 78

John Snow

Back 78

Scientist who tracked down the source of a cholera epidemic in London (1848-1849).

Front 79

Ignaz Semmelweis

Back 79

Scientist who tracked down the source of a nosocomial infection in women after childbirth (1846-1848).

Front 80

Florence Nightingale

Back 80

Studied epidemics in military populations (1858).

Front 81

1 Descriptive: collection and analysis of data
2 Analytical: comparison of a diseased group and a healthy group
3 Experimental: controlled experiments

Back 81

Name the three approaches to epidemiology.

Front 82

Case reporting

Back 82

Health care workers report specified disease to local, state, and national offices

Front 83

Morbidity

Back 83

illness

Front 84

Mortality

Back 84

death

Front 85

Fomite

Back 85

Inanimate objects capable of transferring infectious disease agents are _____

Front 86

Descriptive

Back 86

_________ epidemiology involves the collection and analysis of data

Front 87

Analytical

Back 87

_________ epidemiology involves the comparison of a diseased group and a healthy group

Front 88

Experimental

Back 88

_________ epidemiology involves controlled experiments