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374 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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"The body is in the _______ position when lying face down; the body is in the ______ position when lying face up." |
-Prone -Supine Ch. 5, pg. 147 |
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"A patient who is sitting up with the knees bent is...said to be in ______________." |
Fowler's position Ch. 5, pg. 147 |
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"___________ is a position in which the patient is on a backboard or stretcher with the feet 6" to 12" higher than the head." |
Trendelenburg's position Ch. 5, pg. 147 |
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"In the ____________, or ______________, the head and torso are supine, and the lower extremities are elevated 6-12" to help increase blood flow to the brain." |
-Shock position -Modified Trendeleburg's position Ch. 5, pg. 147 |
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"The wrist is a modified _____________ joint formed by the ends of the ______ and _____ and _______________." |
-Ball-and-socket -Radius and ulna -Several small wrist bones. Ch. 5, pg. 150 |
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"There are eight bones in the wrist, called ________." |
Carpal bones Ch. 5, pg. 150 |
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"Extending from the carpal bones are five ____________,which serve as a base for each of the five ________________." |
-Metacarpals -Fingers/digits Ch. 5, pg. 150 |
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"The fingers are composed of bones called the __________." |
Phalanges Ch. 5, pg. 150 |
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"Each pelvic bone is formed by the fusion of three separate bones. These three bones are called the __________, the ___________, and the ____________." |
-Ilium -Ischium -Pubis Ch. 5, pg. 150 |
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"The pelvis is a closed bony ring that consists of three bones: the________ and the two ________." |
-Sacrum -Pelvic bones Ch. 5, pg. 150 |
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"The most notable functions [of the skeletal system] are its ability to ___________, _________, and ____________ |
-Give the body shape -Provide protection of fragile organs -Allow for movement Ch. 5, pg. 153 |
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Location and function: biceps |
-Anterior, humerus -Flexes lower arm Ch. 5, pg. 155 |
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Location and function: triceps |
-Posterior, humerus -Extends lower arm Ch. 5, pg. 155 |
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Location and function: pectoralis |
-Anterior, thorax -Flexes and rotates arm Ch. 5, pg. 155 |
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Location and function: latissimus dorsi |
-Posterior, thorax -Extends and rotates arm Ch. 5, pg. 155 |
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Location and function: rectus abdominis |
-Anterior, abdomen -Flexes and rotates spine Ch. 5,pg. 155 |
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Location and function: tibialis anterior |
-Anterior, tibia -Points toes toward head Ch. 5, pg. 155 |
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Location and function: gastrocnemius |
-Posterior, tibia -Points toes away from head Ch. 5, pg. 155 |
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Location and function: quadriceps (four separate muscles) |
-Anterior, femur -Extends lower leg Ch. 5, pg. 155 |
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Location and function: biceps femoris |
-Posterior, femur -Flexes lower leg Ch. 5, pg. 155 |
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Location and function: Gluteus (three separate muscles) |
-Posterior, pelvis -Extends and rotates leg Ch. 5, pg. 155 |
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"The structures of the upper airway are located __________ and at the __________." |
-Anteriorly -Midline Ch. 5, pg. 155 |
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"The upper airway includes the ______, ______, _______, _______, _____________, ______, and ________." |
-Nose -Mouth -Tongue -Jaw -Oral cavity -Larynx -Pharynx Ch. 5, pg. 155 |
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"The ______ is typically considered the dividing line between the upper and lower airway." |
Larynx Ch. 5, pg. 155 |
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"Between the thyroid and cricoid cartilage lies the __________________, which can be felt as a depression in the midline of the neck just inferior thyroid cartilage." |
-Cricothyroid membrane Ch. 5, pg. 157 |
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"Below the cricoid cartilage is the ____________." |
Trachea Ch. 5, pg. 157 |
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[EDIT] "The trachea is approximately _____ inches and is a semirigid, enclosed air tube made up of __________________________." |
Rings of cartilage that are open in the back.
Ch. 5, pg. 157 |
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"The trachea ends at the ________ and divides into two smaller tubes. These tubes are the right and left ____________________, which enter the lungs." |
-Carina -Mainstem bronchi Ch. 5, pg. 157 |
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"Within the right lung, ___________ major bronchi are formed. Within the left lung, _____________ major bronchi are formed." |
-Three -Two Ch. 5, pg. 157 |
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"Each bronchus supplies air to one ______________." |
Lobe of the lung Ch. 5, pg. 157 |
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"The final divisions of the bronchi are called _______________." |
Bronchioles Ch. 5, pg. 157 |
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"All of the respiratory structures that have been discussed so far have as their primary goal _________________________." |
The movement of air to the alveoli. Ch. 5, pg. 157 |
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"The walls of the alveoli contain a network of tiny blood vessels (___________________) that carry the carbon dioxide from the body to the lungs and the oxygen from the lungs to the body." |
Pulmonary capillaries Ch. 5, pg. 157 |
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"...the layers [of the pleural space] are sealed tightly to one another by _______________." |
A thin film of fluid Ch. 5, pg. 157 |
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"During inhalation, the diaphragm and intercostal muscles ______________." |
Contract Ch. 5, pg. 158 |
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"The function of the respiratory system is to ___________________ and __________________." |
-Provide the body with oxygen -Eliminate carbon dioxide
Ch. 5, pg. 158 |
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T/F: "Exhaled air contains 16% oxygen...This 16% concentration is inadequate to support artificial ventilation." |
False Ch 5, pg. 159 |
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"Breathing occurs as the result of a buildup of carbon dioxide, which causes the ________ to decrease in the cerebrospinal fluid." |
pH Ch. 5, pg. 159 |
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"The medulla oblongata (a portion of the brain stem), which is sensitive to pH changes, stimulates _____________, sending a signal to the diaphragm, thus causing you to breathe." |
Phrenic nerve Ch. 5, pg. 159 |
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Location, function, timing: Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG) |
-Medulla -Causes inspiration when stimulated -Normal, resting respirations. Rhythmic, mechanical pattern. Ch. 5, pg. 161 |
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Location, function, timing: Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG) |
-Medulla -Causes forced expiration or inspiration -Speech, increased emotional or physical stress Ch. 5, pg. 161 |
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Location, function, timing: Pneumotaxic (pontine) center |
-Pons -Inhibits the DRG; increases speed and depth of respirations -Increased emotional or physical stress Ch. 5, pg. 161 |
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Location, function, timing: Apneustic center |
-Pons -Excites the DRG; prolongs inspiration, decreases rate -Increased physical or emotional stress Ch. 5, pg. 161 |
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Location, function, timing: Hering-Breuer Inflation Reflex (stretch reflex) |
-Chest -Detects lung expansion to a point and then tells VRG and pneumotaxic and apneustic centers to stop -Increased emotional or physical stress Ch. 5, pg. 161 |
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Location, function, timing: Hering-Breuer deflation reflex |
-Chest -Detects potential lung collapse and then tells VRG and pneumotaxic and apneustic centers to stop. -Increased emotional or physical stress Ch. 5, pg. 161 |
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"The adult male has a total lung capacity of _____________ mL." |
6,000 Ch 5, pg. 161 |
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Minute volume = _______ x _______ |
-Respiratory rate -Tidal volume Ch. 5, pg. 162 |
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Normal respiratory rate range: adults |
12 to 20 breaths/minute Ch. 5, pg. 163 |
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Normal respiratory rate range: children |
15-30 breaths/minute Ch. 5, pg. 163 |
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Normal respiratory rate range: infants |
25-50 breaths/minute Ch. 5, pg. 163 |
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"The cellular wastes are eliminated in passages through the _______________ and __________." |
-Liver -Kidneys Ch. 5, pg. 163 |
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"A wall called the_____________ divides the heart down the middle into right and left sides." |
Septum Ch. 5, pg. 163 |
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"In ____ minute(s), the entire blood volume of 5 to 6 L is circulated through all the vessels." |
1 Ch. 5, pg. 165 |
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"Each mechanical contraction of the heart is associated with two electrical processes. The first is __________ during which___________________. The second is ____________, during which ___________________." |
-Depolarization -The electrical charges on the surface of the muscle cell change from positive to negative -Repolarization -The heart returns to its resting state and the positive charge is restored to the surface Ch. 5, pg. 165 |
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"When the heart is working normally, the electrical impulse begins high in the atria at ________________, then travels to the _____________ and ______________, and moves through the __________________ to the ventricles." |
-Sinoatrial node -Atrioventricular node -Bundle of His -Purkinje fibers Ch. 5, pg. 165 |
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"Veins have much ________ walls than arteries and are generally ___________ in diameter." |
-Thinner -Larger Ch. 5, pg. 169 |
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T/F: "The terms 'shock' and 'hypoperfusion' are usually synonymous, at least when they are applied to multiple body systems." |
True Ch. 5, pg. 169 |
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Effects of constricted blood vessels on blood |
-Decreased size of container -Increased pressure within container Ch. 5, pg. 169 |
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Effects of normal diameter blood vessels on blood |
-Balance of size and pressure Ch. 5, pg. 169 |
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Effects of dilated blood vessels on blood |
-Increased size of container -Decreased pressure within container Ch. 5, pg. 169 |
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"At any one time there is about ________ mL of blood in the spleen." |
450 Ch. 5, pg. 169 |
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"________________ is the basic duty of the spleen." |
Filtering Ch. 5, pg. 169 |
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Description and Clinical Significance: Systolic blood pressure |
-Pressure within the arteries when the heart is contracting; left ventricular force. -Indicates heart pumping effectiveness; indicates blood available to the heart. Ch. 5, pg. 170 |
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Description and Clinical Significance: Diastolic blood pressure |
-Pressure within the arteries when the heart is at rest. -Indicates adequacy of the amount of blood vessel contraction (arterial); Indicates amount of blood within blood vessels. Ch. 5, pg. 170 |
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Description and Clinical Significance: Pulse pressure |
-Difference between systolic blood pressure and diastolic pressure. -Relationship between systolic and diastolic pressures; provides information about the body's response to stress. Ch. 5, pg. 170 |
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Description and Clinical Significance: Preload |
-Amount of blood returning to the heart -Too little preload, and blood pressure falls; too much preload, and the heart cannot move blood effectively. Ch. 5, pg. 170 |
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Description and Clinical Significance: Afterload |
-Pressure to be overcome when the LV contracts (pressure within the aorta) -Diastolic pressure is the same as afterload Ch. 5, pg. 170 |
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Description and Clinical Significance: Cardiac output (CO) |
-Amount of blood moved in 1 minute -CO = SV x HR Ch. 5, pg. 170 |
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Description and Clinical Significance: Stroke Volume (SV) |
-Amount of blood moved in one beat of the heart (LV) -Weak LV moves less blood per beat than a strong LV Ch. 5, pg. 170 |
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Description and Clinical Significance: Systemic vascular resistance (SVR) |
-Resistance to blood flow within all of the blood vessels (except the pulmonary vessels) -The higher the SVR, the smaller the container, therefore, the higher the pressure of blood within the vessel. Ch. 5, pg. 170 |
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"The average adult has approximately _______ of blood in the vascular system. Children have less, ____________, depending on their age and size. Infants have only about __________." |
-6 L -2 to 3 L -300 mL Ch. 5, pg. 170 |
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"Blood under pressure will gush or spurt intermittently from a(n) ____________ and is bright red. When blood comes from a(n) ____________ it flows in a steady stream and is dark bluish red. From _____________________, blood will ooze at many tiny individual points." |
-Artery -Vein -Capillaries Ch. 5, pg. 171 |
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"The __________ nervous system is responsible for the fight-or-flight response." |
Sympathetic Ch. 5, pg. 172 |
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Four lobes of the cerebrum: |
-Frontal -Parietal -Temporal -Occipital Ch. 5, pg 174 |
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"The three major subdivisions of the brain are the _____________, the _______________, and the ________________." |
-Cerebrum -Cerebellum -Brain stem Ch. 5, pg. 174 |
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Function of the occipital lobe |
Vision and storage of visual memories Ch. 5, pg. 175 |
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Function of the parietal lobe |
Sense of touch and texture; storage of those memories Ch. 5, pg. 175 |
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Function of the temporal lobe |
Hearing, smell, and language; storage of sound and odor memories Ch. 5, pg. 175 |
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Function of the frontal lobe |
Voluntary muscle control and storage of those memories Ch. 5, pg. 175 |
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Function of the prefrontal area |
Judgment and predicting consequences of actions, abstract intellectual functions Ch. 5, pg. 175 |
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Function of the limbic system |
Basic emotions, basic reflexes (chewing, swallowing, etc.) Ch. 5, pg. 175 |
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Function of the diencephalon (thalamus) |
Relay center; filters important signals from routine signals Ch. 5, pg. 175 |
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Function of the diencephalon (hypothalamus) |
Emotions, temperature control, interface with endocrine system (hormone control) Ch. 5, pg. 175 |
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Function of the midbrain |
Level of consciousness, reticular activating system, muscle tone, and posture Ch. 5, pg. 175 |
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Function of the pons |
Respiratory patterning and depth Ch. 5, pg. 175 |
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Function of the medulla oblongata |
Heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate Ch. 5, pg. 175 |
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Function of the spinal cord |
Reflexes, relays information to and from body Ch. 5, pg. 175 |
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Function of the cranial nerves |
Brain to body part; special peripheral nerves that connect directly to body parts Ch. 5, pg. 175 |
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Function of the peripheral nerves |
Brain to spinal cord to body part; receive stimulus from body, send commands to body. Ch. 5, pg. 175 |
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"If a trauma patient has CSF leaking from the ears or nose, this is considered a significant finding, indicating _________________." |
a skull fracture Ch. 5, pg. 175 |
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"This fight-or-flight response generally _____________ the activity within your body..." |
Increases Ch. 5, pg. 177 |
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"The sebaceous glands produce _________________, the oily material that seals the surface epidermal cells." |
Sebum Ch. 5, pg. 178 |
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"The skin, the largest single organ in the body, serves three major functions: ________________,___________________, and ________________. |
-to protect the body in the environment -to regulate the temperature of the body -to transmit information from the environment to the brain Ch. 5, pg. 178 |
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"Blood vessels in the skin _________ when the body is in a cold environment and _________ when the body is in a warm environment." |
-Constrict -Dilate Ch. 5, pg. 179 |
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"Ordinarily, approximately ___% of the cardiac output of blood passes through the liver each minute." |
25% Ch. 5, pg. 181 |
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"The presence of food in the _____________ triggers a contraction of the gallbladder to empty it." |
Duodenum Ch. 5, pg. 181 |
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"The small intestine is composed of the __________, the _____________, and the_______________." |
-Duodenum -Jejunum -Ileum Ch. 5, pg. 182 |
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Function of the mouth |
Mechanically breaks down food; begins chemical breakdown of saliva Ch. 5, pg. 182 |
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Function of the esophagus |
Moves food from the mouth to the stomach; muscular and vascular structure Ch. 5, pg. 182 |
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Function of the stomach |
Performs mechanical and chemical breakdown of food: food in, chyme out Ch. 5, pg. 182 |
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Function of the small intestine: duodenum, jejunum, and ileum |
Major site for chemical breakdown of food; major absorption of water, fats, proteins, carbohydrates, and vitamins. Ch. 5, pg. 182 |
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Function of the large intestine |
Water absorption; formation of feces; bacterial digestion of food
Ch. 5, pg 182 |
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Function of the anus/rectum |
Last portion of large intestine; sphincter to control release of feces Ch. 5, pg. 182 |
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Function of the liver |
Production of bile; assists with carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism of nutrients within the bloodstream; vitamin storage and manufacture; detoxification of blood; elimination of waste. Ch. 5, pg. 182 |
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Function of pancreas |
-Exocrine: enzymes for protein, carbohydrate, and fat breakdown within the duodenum -Endocrine: insulin and glucagon Ch. 5, pg. 182 |
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Function of gallbladder |
Storage of bile Ch. 5, pg. 182 |
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Location and Functions: Adrenal Glands |
-Above the kidneys -Stress response, fight or flight -Epinephrine, norepinephrine, and others Ch. 5, pg. 184 |
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Location and Functions: Ovaries |
-Female Pelvis (two glands) -Regulates sexual function, characteristics, and reproduction -Estrogen and others Ch. 5, pg. 184 |
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Location and functions: Pancreas |
-Retroperitoneal space -Regulates glucose metabolism and other functions -Insulin and others Ch. 5, pg. 184 |
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Location and functions: Parathyroid glands |
-Neck (behind and beside the thyroid) (three to five glands) -Regulates serum calcium -Parathyroid hormone Ch. 5, pg. 184 |
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Location and functions: Pituitary gland |
-Base of skull -Regulates all other endocrine glands -Multiple hormones, controls other endocrine glands Ch. 5, pg. 184 |
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Location and functions: Testes |
-Male scrotum (two glands) -Regulate sexual function, characteristics, and reproduction -Testosterone and others Ch. 5, pg. 184 |
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Location and functions: Thyroid |
-Neck (over the larynx) -Regulates metabolism -Thyroxine and others Ch. 5, pg. 184 |
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"The main functions of the urinary system are: (1) __________, (2) ________________, and (3) __________________." |
-To control fluid balance in the body -To filter and eliminate wastes -To control pH balance Ch. 5, pg. 185 |
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"Nearly ________% of the output of blood from the heart passes through the kidneys each minute." |
20% Ch. 5, pg 185 |
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"Carbon dioxide is transported by combining with water to create _____________, which is more soluble in the plasma." |
Carbonic acid Ch. 5, pg. 188 |
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"The most common airway obstruction you will need to manage is _____________________." |
Blockage by the tongue Ch. 5, pg. 188 |
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"In asthma, patients tend to have a problem with _____________, not ____________." |
-Exhalation -Inhalation
Ch. 5, pg. 188 |
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Ventilatory Problem: Damage to the regulatory centers of the brain. |
Breathing pattern and rate become erratic Ch. 5, pg. 189 |
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Ventilatory Problem: Inability to exhale effectively |
Carbon dioxide builds up in blood Ch. 5, pg. 189 |
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Ventilatory Problem: Inability to inhale effectively |
Oxygen levels in the blood fall Ch. 5, pg. 189 |
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Ventilatory Problem: Injury to chest |
Breathing depth decreases Ch. 5, pg. 189 |
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Ventilatory Problem: Obstruction of the airway |
Decreased or absent movement of air Ch. 5, pg. 189 |
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Ventilatory Problem: Overdose/toxic exposure |
Decreased level of consciousness leading to decreased breathing depth Ch. 5, pg. 189 |
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Ventilatory Problem: Unconsciousness |
Breathing depth decreases Ch. 5, pg. 189 |
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Ventilatory problem: Weakened respiratory muscles |
Breathing depth decreases Ch. 5, pg. 189 |
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Respiratory problem: Fluid within the alveoli/pulmonary edema |
Prevents gas from entering the alveoli Ch. 5, pg. 189 |
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Respiratory problem: mucus or infectious wastes |
Prevents gas from entering the alveoli Ch. 5, pg. 189 |
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Respiratory problem: impaired blood flow to the lungs |
Affects blood gaining access to lung tissue Ch. 5, pg. 189 |
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Oxygenation problem: decreased oxygen in the air breathed |
Affects diffusion of gas Ch. 5, pg. 189 |
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Oxygenation problem: Increased carbon dioxide in the air breathed |
Affects diffusion of gas Ch. 5, pg. 189 |
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Definition: abdomen |
The body cavity that contains the major organs of digestion and excretion. It is located below the diaphragm and above the pelvis. Ch. 5, pg. 193 |
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Definition: abduction |
Motion of a limb away from the midline Ch. 5, pg. 193 |
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Definition: acetabulum |
The depression on the lateral pelvis where its three component bones join, in which the femoral head fits snugly Ch. 5, pg. 193 |
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Definition: Adam's apple |
The firm prominence in the upper part of the larynx formed by the thyroid cartilage. It is more prominent in men than in women. Ch. 5, pg. 193 |
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Definition: adduction |
Motion of a limb toward the midline Ch. 5, pg. 193 |
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Definition: adenosine triphosphate (ATP) |
The nucleotide involved in energy metabolism; used to store energy Ch. 5, pg. 193 |
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Definition: adrenal glands |
Endocrine glands located on top of the kidneys that release adrenaline when stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system Ch. 5, pg. 193 |
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Definition: adrenergic |
Pertaining to nerves that release the neurotransmitter norepinephrine, or noradrenaline (such as adrenergic nerves, adrenergic response). The term also pertains to the receptors acted on by norepinephrine, that is, the adrenergic receptors. Ch. 5, pg. 193 |
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Definition: aerobic metabolism |
Metabolism that can proceed only in the presence of oxygen Ch. 5, pg. 193 |
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Definition: agonal gasps |
Slow, gasping breaths, sometimes seen in dying patients Ch. 5, pg. 193 |
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Definition: alpha-adrenergic receptors |
Portions of the nervous system that when stimulated can cause constriction of blood vessels. Ch. 5, pg. 193 |
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Definition: alveoli |
The air sacs of the lungs in which the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place Ch. 5, pg. 193 |
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Definition: anaerobic metabolism |
The metabolism that takes place in the absence of oxygen; the principal product is lactic acid. Ch. 5, pg. 193 |
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Definition: anatomic position |
The position of reference in which the patient stands facing you, arms at the side, with the palms of the hands forward. Ch. 5, pg. 193 |
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Definition: anterior |
The front surface of the body; the side facing you in the standard anatomic position. Ch. 5, pg. 193 |
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Definition: aorta |
The principal artery leaving the left side of the heart and carrying freshly oxygenated blood to the body. Ch. 5, pg. 193 |
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Definition: apex (pleural apices) |
The pointed extremity of a conical structure. Ch. 5, pg. 193 |
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Definition: apneustic center |
Portion of the pons that increases the length of inspiration and decreases the respiratory rate. Ch. 5, pg. 193 |
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Definition: appendicular skeleton |
The portion of the skeletal system that comprises the arms, legs, pelvis, and shoulder girdle. Ch. 5, pg. 193 |
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Definition: appendix |
A small tubular structure that is attached to the lower border of the cecum in the lower right quadrant of the abdomen. Ch. 5, pg. 193 |
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Definition: arterioles |
The smallest branches of arteries leading to the vast network of capillaries. Ch. 5, pg. 193 |
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Definition: atrium |
One of the two upper chambers of the heart Ch. 5, pg. 193 |
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Definition: autonomic nervous system |
The part of the nervous system that regulates functions, such as digestion and sweating, that are not controlled voluntarily. Ch. 5, pg. 193 |
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Definition: axial skeleton |
The part of the skeleton comprising the skull, spinal column, and rib cage. Ch. 5, pg. 193 |
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Definition: ball-and-socket joint |
A joint that allows internal and external rotation, as well as bending. Ch. 5, pg. 193 |
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Definition: beta-adrenergic receptors |
Portions of the nervous system that when stimulated can cause an increase in the force of contraction of the heart, an increased heart rate, and bronchial dilation.
Ch. 5, pg. 193 |
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Definition: biceps |
The large muscle that covers the front of the humerus Ch. 5, pg. 193 |
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Definition: bilateral |
In anatomy, a body part that appears on both sides of the midline Ch. 5, pg. 193 |
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Definition: bile ducts |
The ducts that convey bile between the liver and the intestine. Ch. 5, pg. 193 |
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Definition: blood pressure (BP) |
The pressure that the blood exerts against the walls of the arteries as it passes through them. Ch. 5, pg. 193 |
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Definition: brachial artery |
The major vessel in the upper extremity that supplies blood to the arm Ch. 5, pg. 193 |
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Definition: brain |
The controlling organ of the body and center of consciousness; functions include perception, control of reactions to the environment, emotional responses, and judgment. Ch. 5, pg. 193 |
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Definition: brain stem |
The area of the brain between the spinal cord and cerebrum, surrounded by the cerebellum; controls functions that are necessary for life, such as respiration Ch. 5, pg. 193 |
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Definition: capillary vessels |
The tiny blood vessels between the arterioles and venules that permit transfer of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste between body tissues and the blood. Ch. 5, pg. 193 |
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Definition: cardiac muscle |
The heart muscle Ch. 5, pg. 193 |
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Definition: carotid artery |
The major artery that supplies blood to the head and brain Ch. 5, pg. 193 |
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Definition: cartilage |
The support structure of the skeletal system that provides cushioning between bones; also forms the nasal septum and portions of the outer ear. Ch. 5, pg. 193 |
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Definition: cecum |
The first part of the large intestine, into which the ileum opens Ch. 5, pg. 193 |
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Definition: central nervous system (CNS) |
The brain and spinal cord Ch. 5, pg. 193 |
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Definition: cerebellum |
One of the three major subdivisions of the brain, sometimes called the "little brain"; coordinates the various activities of the brain, particularly fine body movements. Ch. 5, pg. 193 |
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Definition: cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) |
Fluid produced in the ventricles o the brain that flows in the subarachnoid space and bathes in the meninges. Ch. 5, pg. 193 |
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Definition: cerebrum |
The largest part of the three subdivisions of the brain, sometimes called the "gray matter"; made up of several lobes that control movement, hearing, balance, speech, visual perception, emotions, and personality. Ch. 5, pg. 193 |
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Definition: cervical spine |
The portion of the spinal column consisting of the first seven vertebrae that lie in the neck.
Ch. 5, pg. 193 |
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Definition: chordae tendineae |
Thin bands of fibrous tissue that attach to the valves in the heart and prevent them from inverting. Ch. 5, pg. 193 |
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Definition: chyme |
The name of the substance that leaves the stomach. It is a combination of all the eaten foods with added stomach acids. Ch. 5, pg. 193 |
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Definition: circulatory system |
The complex arrangement of connected tubes, including the arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins, that moves blood, oxygen, nutrients, carbon dioxide, and cellular waste throughout the body. Ch. 5, pg. 193 |
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Definition: clavicle |
The collarbone; it is lateral to the sternum and anterior to the scapula. Ch. 5, pg. 193 |
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Definition: coccyx |
The last three or four vertebrae of the spine; the tailbone Ch. 5, pg. 193 |
|
|
Definition: coronal plane |
An imaginary plane where the body is cut into front and back parts Ch. 5, pg. 193 |
|
|
Definition: cranium |
The area of the head above the ears and eyes; the skull. The cranium contains the brain. Ch. 5, pg. 193 |
|
|
Definition: cricoid cartilage |
A firm ridge of cartilage that forms the lower part of the larynx. Ch. 5, pg. 193 |
|
|
Definition: cricothyroid membrane |
A thin sheet of fascia that connects the thyroid and cricoid cartilages that make up the larynx. Ch. 5, pg. 193 |
|
|
Definition: dead space |
Any portion of the airway that does contain air and cannot participate in gas exchange, such as the trachea and bronchi Ch. 5, pg. 193 |
|
|
Definition: deep |
Further inside the body and away from the skin Ch. 5, pg. 193 |
|
|
Definition: dermis |
The inner layer of the skin, containing hair follicles, sweat glands, nerve endings, and blood vessels.
Ch. 5, pg. 193 |
|
|
Definition: diaphragm
|
A muscular dome that forms the undersurface of the thorax, separating the chest from the abdominal cavity. Contraction of the diaphragm (and the chest wall muscles) brings air into the lungs. Relaxation allows air to be expelled from the lungs. Ch. 5, pg. 193 |
|
|
Definition: diastole |
The relaxation, or period of relaxation, of the heart, especially of the ventricles. Ch. 5, pg. 193 |
|
|
Definition: diffusion |
Movement of a gas from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Ch. 5, pg. 193 |
|
|
Definition: digestion |
The processing of food that nourishes the individual cells of the body. Ch. 5, pg. 193 |
|
|
Definition: distal |
Further from the trunk or nearer to the free end of the extremity Ch. 5, pg. 193 |
|
|
Definition: dorsal |
The posterior surface of the body, including the back of the hand. Ch. 5, pg. 193 |
|
|
Definition: dorsalis pedis artery |
The artery on the anterior surface of the foot between the first and second metatarsals.
Ch. 5, pg. 195 |
|
|
Definition: dorsal respiratory group (DRG) |
A portion of the medulla oblongata where the primary respiratory pacemaker is found. Ch. 5, pg. 195 |
|
|
Definition: endocrine system |
The complex message and control system that integrates many body functions, including the release of hormones. Ch. 5, pg. 195 |
|
|
Definition: enzymes |
Substances catalysts designed to speed up the rate of specific biochemical reactions. Ch. 5, pg. 195 |
|
|
Definition: epidermis |
The outer layer of skin, which is made up of cells that are sealed together to form a watertight protective covering for the body. Ch. 5, pg. 195 |
|
|
Definition: epiglottis |
A thin, leaf-shaped valve that allows air to pass into the trachea but prevents food and liquid from entering. Ch. 5, pg. 195 |
|
|
Definition: epinephrine |
A hormone produced by the adrenal medulla that has a vital role in the function of the sympathetic nervous system. Ch. 5, pg. 195 |
|
|
Definition: esophagus |
A collapsible tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach; contractions of the muscle in the wall of the esophagus propel food and liquids through it to the stomach. Ch. 5, pg. 195 |
|
|
Definition: expiratory reserve volume |
The amount of air that can be exhaled following a normal exhalation; average volume is about 1,200 mL. Ch. 5, pg. 195 |
|
|
Definition: extend |
To straighten Ch. 5, pg. 195 |
|
|
Definition: extension |
The straightening of a joint Ch. 5, pg. 195 |
|
|
Definition: fallopian tubes |
Long, slender tubes that extend from the uterus to the region of the ovary on the same side and through which the ovum passes from the ovary to the uterus. Ch. 5, pg. 195 |
|
|
Definition: femoral artery |
The principal artery of the thigh, a continuation of the external iliac artery. It supplies blood to the lower abdominal wall, external genitalia, and legs. It can be palpated in the groin area. Ch. 5, pg. 195 |
|
|
Definition: femoral head |
The proximal end of the femur, articulating with the acetabulum to form the hip joint. Ch. 5, pg. 195 |
|
|
Definition: femur |
The thighbone; the longest and one of the strongest bones in the body. Ch. 5, pg. 195 |
|
|
Definition: flex |
To bend Ch. 5, pg. 195 |
|
|
Definition: flexion |
The bending of a joint. Ch. 5, pg. 195 |
|
|
Definition: foramen magnum |
A large opening at the base of the skull through which the brain connects to the spinal cord. Ch. 5, pg. 195 |
|
|
Definition: gallbladder |
A sac on the undersurface of the liver that collects bile from the liver and discharges it into the duodenum through the common bile duct. Ch. 5, pg. 195 |
|
|
Definition: genital system |
The reproductive system in males and females. Ch. 5, pg. 195 |
|
|
Definition: germinal layer |
The deepest layer of the epidermis where new skin cells are formed. Ch. 5, pg. 195 |
|
|
Definition: greater trochanter |
A bony prominence on the proximal lateral side of the thigh, just below the hip joint Ch. 5, pg. 195 |
|
|
Definition: hair follicles |
The small organs that produce hair. Ch. 5, pg. 195 |
|
|
Definition: heart |
A hollow muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body. Ch. 5, pg. 195 |
|
|
Definition: heart rate |
The number of heartbeats during a specific time. Ch. 5, pg. 195 |
|
|
Definition: Hering-Breuer reflex |
A protective mechanism that terminates inhalation, thus preventing overexpansion of the lungs. Ch. 5, pg. 195 |
|
|
Definition: hinge joints |
Joints that can bend and straighten but cannot rotate; they restrict motion to one plane. Ch. 5, pg. 195 |
|
|
Definition: hormones |
Substances formed in specialized organs or glands and carried to another organ or group of cells in the same organism. Hormones regulate many body functions, including metabolism, growth, and body temperature. Ch. 5, pg. 195 |
|
|
Definition: humerus |
The supporting bone of the upper arm. Ch. 5, pg. 195 |
|
|
Definition: hydrostatic pressure |
The pressure of water against the walls of its container. Ch. 5, pg. 195 |
|
|
Definition: hypoxic drive |
A "backup system" to control respiration; senses drops in the oxygen level in the blood. Ch. 5, pg. 195 |
|
|
Definition: ilium |
One of the three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring. Ch. 5, pg. 195 |
|
|
Definition: inferior |
Below a body part or nearer to the feet Ch. 5, pg. 195 |
|
|
Definition: inferior vena cava
|
One of the two largest veins in the body; carries blood from the lower extremities and the pelvic and the abdominal organs to the heart. Ch. 5, pg. 195 |
|
|
Definition: inspiratory reserve volume |
The amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal inhalation; the amount of air that can be inhaled in addition to the normal tidal volume. Ch. 5, pg. 195 |
|
|
Definition: interstitial space |
The space in between the cells Ch. 5, pg. 195 |
|
|
Definition: involuntary muscle |
The muscle over which a person has no conscious control. It is found in many automatic regulating systems of the body. Ch. 5, pg. 195 |
|
|
Definition: ischium |
One of the three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring. Ch. 5, pg. 195 |
|
|
Definition: joint (articulation)
|
The place where two bones come into contact Ch. 5, pg. 195 |
|
|
Definition: joint capsule |
The fibrous sac that encloses a joint. Ch. 5, pg. 195 |
|
|
Definition: kidneys |
Two retroperitoneal organs that excrete the end products of metabolism as urine and regulate the body's salt and water content. Ch. 5, pg. 195 |
|
|
Definition: labored breathing |
The use of muscles of the chest, back, and abdomen to assist in expanding the chest; occurs when air movement is impaired. Ch. 5, pg. 195 |
|
|
Definition: lactic acid |
A metabolic end product of the breakdown of glucose that accumulates when metabolism proceeds in the absence of oxygen. Ch. 5, pg. 195 |
|
|
Definition: large intestine |
The portion of the digestive tube that encircles the abdomen around the small bowel, consisting of the cecum, the colon, and the rectum. It helps regulate water balance and eliminate solid waste. Ch. 5, pg. 195 |
|
|
Definition: lateral |
In anatomy, parts of the body that lie farther from the midline. Also called outer structures. Ch. 5, pg. 195 |
|
|
Definition: lesser trochanter |
The projection on the medial/superior portion of the femur. Ch. 5, pg. 195 |
|
|
Definition: ligament |
A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones to bones. It supports and strengthens a joint. Ch. 5, pg. 195 |
|
|
Definition: liver
|
A large solid organ that lies in the right upper quadrant immediately below the diaphragm; it produces bile, stores glucose for immediate use by the body, and produces many substances that help regulate immune responses.
Ch. 5, pg. 196 |
|
|
Definition: lumbar spine |
The lower part of the back, formed by the lowest five nonfused vertebrae; also called the dorsal spine. Ch. 5, pg. 196 |
|
|
Definition: mandible |
The bone of the lower jaw Ch. 5, pg. 196 |
|
|
Definition: manubrium |
The upper quarter of the sternum. Ch. 5, pg. 196 |
|
|
Definition: maxillae |
The upper jawbones that assist in the formation of the orbit, the nasal cavity, and the palate and hold of the upper teeth. Ch. 5, pg. 196 |
|
|
Definition: medial |
Parts of the body that lie closer for the midline; also called inner structures. Ch. 5, pg. 196 |
|
|
Definition: medulla oblongata |
Nerve tissue that is continuous inferiorly with the spinal cord; serves as a conduction pathway for ascending and descending nerve tracts; coordinates heart rate, blood vessel diameter, breathing, swallowing, vomiting, coughing, and sneezing. Ch. 5, pg. 196 |
|
|
Definition: midbrain |
The part of the brain that is responsible for helping to regulate the level of consciousness. Ch. 5, pg. 196 |
|
|
Definition: midsagittal plane (midline) |
An imaginary vertical line drawn from the middle of the forehead through the nose and the umbilicus (navel) to the floor. Ch. 5, pg. 196 |
|
|
Definition: minute volume |
The amount of air that moves in and out of the lungs per minute minus the dead space. Also called minute ventilation. Ch. 5, pg. 196 |
|
|
Definition: motor nerves |
Nerves that carry information from the central nervous system to the muscles of the body. Ch. 5, pg. 196 |
|
|
Definition: mucous membranes |
The lining of body cavities and passages that communicate directly and indirectly with the environment outside the body. Ch. 5, pg. 196 |
|
|
Definition: mucus |
The opaque, sticky secretion of the mucous membranes that lubricates the body openings. Ch. 5, pg. 196 |
|
|
Definition: musculoskeletal system |
The bones and voluntary muscles of the body. Ch. 5, pg. 196 |
|
|
Definition: myocardium |
The heart muscle Ch. 5, pg. 196 |
|
|
Definition: nasopharynx |
The part of the pharynx that lies above the level of the body, both voluntary and involuntary Ch. 5, pg. 196 |
|
|
Definition: nervous system |
The system that controls virtually all activities of the body, both voluntary and involuntary Ch. 5, pg. 196 |
|
|
Definition: norepinephrine |
A neurotransmitter and drug sometimes used in the treatment of shock; produces vasoconstriction through its alpha-stimulator properties. Ch. 5, pg. 196 |
|
|
Definition: occiput |
The most posterior portion of the cranium Ch. 5, pg. 196 |
|
|
Definition: oncotic pressure |
The pressure of water to move, typically into the capillary, as the result of the presence of plasma proteins.
Ch. 5, pg. 196 |
|
|
Definition: orbit |
The eye socket, made up of the maxilla and zygoma. Ch. 5, pg. 196 |
|
|
Definition: oropharynx |
A tubular structure that extends vertically from the back of the mouth to the esophagus and trachea. Ch. 5, pg. 196 |
|
|
Definition: ovaries |
Female glands that produces sex hormones and ova (eggs) Ch. 5, pg. 196 |
|
|
Definition: palmar |
The forward facing part of the hand in the anatomic position Ch. 5, pg. 196 |
|
|
Definition: pancreas |
A flat, solid organ that lies below the liver and the stomach; it is a major source of digestive enzymes and produces the hormone insulin. Ch. 5, pg. 196 |
|
|
Definition: parasympathetic nervous system |
A subdivision of the autonomous nervous system, involved in control of involuntary, vegetative functions, mediated largely by the vagus nerve through the chemical acetylcholine. Ch. 5, pg. 196 |
|
|
Definition: parietal regions |
The areas between the temporal and occipital regions of the cranium. Ch. 5, pg. 196 |
|
|
Definition: patella |
The kneecap; a specialized bone that lies within the tendon of the quadriceps muscle. Ch. 5, pg. 196 |
|
|
Definition: pathophysiology |
The study of how normal physiologic processes are affected by disease Ch. 5, pg. 196 |
|
|
Definition: perfusion |
The circulation of oxygenated blood within a organ or tissue in adequate amounts to meet the cells' current needs. Ch. 5, pg. 196 |
|
|
Definition: peripheral nervous system |
The part of the nervous system that consists of 31 pairs of spinal nerves and 12 pairs of cranial nerves. Those peripheral nerves may by sensory nerves, motor nerves, or connecting nerves. Ch. 5, pg. 196 |
|
|
Definition: peristalsis |
The wavelike contraction of smooth muscle by which the ureters or other tubular organs propel their contents. Ch. 5, pg. 196 |
|
|
Definition: plantar |
The bottom surface of the foot Ch. 5, pg. 196 |
|
|
Definition: plasma
|
A sticky, yellow fluid that carries the blood cells and nutrients and transports cellular waste material to the organs of excretion. Ch. 5, pg. 196 |
|
|
Definition: platelets |
Tiny, disk-shaped elements that are much smaller than the cells; they are essential in the initial formation of a blood clot, the mechanism that stops bleeding. Ch. 5, pg. 196 |
|
|
Definition: pleura |
The serous membranes covering the lungs and lining of the thoracic cavity, completely enclosing a potential space known as the pleural space. Ch. 5, pg. 196 |
|
|
Definition: pleural space |
The potential space between the parietal pleura and the visceral pleura. It is described as "potential" because under normal conditions, the space does not exist. Ch. 5, pg. 196 |
|
|
Definition: pneumotaxic (pontine) center |
A portion of the pons that assists in creating shorter, faster respirations. Ch. 5, pg. 196 |
|
|
Definition: pons |
An organ that lies below the midbrain and above the medulla and contains numerous important nerve fibers, including those for sleep, respiration, and the medullary respiratory center. Ch. 5, pg. 196 |
|
|
Definition: posterior |
In anatomy, the back surface of the body; the side away from you in the standard anatomic position. Ch. 5, pg. 196 |
|
|
Definition: posterior tibial artery |
The artery just behind the medial malleolus; supplies blood to the foot. Ch. 5, pg. 196 |
|
|
Definition: prostate gland |
A small gland that surrounds the male urethra where it emerges from the urinary bladder; it secretes a fluid that is part of the ejaculatory fluid. Ch. 5, pg. 197 |
|
|
Definition: proximal |
Closer to the trunk Ch. 5, pg. 197 |
|
|
Definition: pubic symphysis |
A hard bony and cartilaginous prominence found at the midline in the lowermost portion of the abdomen where the two halves of the pelvic ring are joined by cartilage at a joint with minimal motion. Ch. 5, pg. 197 |
|
|
Definition: pubis |
One of three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring. Ch. 5, pg. 197 |
|
|
Definition: pulmonary artery |
The major artery leading from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs; it carries oxygen-poor blood. Ch. 5, pg. 197 |
|
|
Definition: pulmonary circulation |
The flow of blood from the right ventricle through the pulmonary arteries and all of their branches and capillaries in the lungs and back to the left atrium through the venules and pulmonary veins; also called the lesser circulation. Ch. 5, pg. 197 |
|
|
Definition: pulmonary veins |
The four veins that return oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart.
Ch. 5, pg. 197 |
|
|
Definition: pulse |
The wave of pressure created as the heart contracts and forces blood out of the left ventricle and into the major arteries. Ch. 5, pg. 197 |
|
|
Definition: quadrants |
The way to describe the sections of the abdominal cavity. Imagine two lines intersecting at the umbilicus dividing the abdomen into four equal areas. Ch. 5, pg. 197 |
|
|
Definition: radial artery |
The major artery in the forearm; it is palpable at the wrist on the thumb side Ch. 5, pg. 197 |
|
|
Definition: radius |
The bone on the thumb side of the forearm Ch. 5, pg. 197 |
|
|
Definition: rectum |
The lowermost end of the colon Ch. 5, pg. 197 |
|
|
Definition: red blood cells |
Cells that carry oxygen to the body's tissues; also called erythrocytes Ch. 5, pg. 197 |
|
|
Definition: renal pelvis |
A cone-shaped collecting area that connects the ureter and the kidney Ch. 5, pg. 197 |
|
|
Definition: residual volume |
The air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration Ch. 5, pg. 197 |
|
|
Definition: respiration |
The inhaling and exhaling of air; the physiologic process that exchanges carbon dioxide from fresh air. Ch. 5, pg. 197 |
|
|
Definition: respiratory system |
All the structures of the body that contribute to the process of breathing, consisting of the upper and lower airways and their component parts. Ch. 5, pg. 197 |
|
|
Definition: reticular activating system |
Located in the upper brain stem; responsible for maintenance of consciousness, specifically one's level of arousal. Ch. 5, pg. 197 |
|
|
Definition: retroperitoneal |
Behind the abdominal cavity Ch. 5, pg. 197 |
|
|
Definition: sacroiliac joint |
The connection point between the pelvis and the vertebral column Ch. 5, pg. 197 |
|
|
Definition: sacrum |
One of three bones (Sacrum and two pelvic bones) that make up the pelvic ring; consists of five fused sacral vertebrae Ch. 5, pg. 197 |
|
|
Definition: sagittal (lateral) plane |
An imaginary line where the body is cut into left and right parts Ch. 5, pg. 197 |
|
|
Definition: salivary glands |
The glands that produce saliva to keep the mouth and pharynx moist Ch. 5, pg. 197 |
|
|
Definition: scalp |
The thick skin covering the cranium, which usually bears hair Ch. 5, pg. 197 |
|
|
Definition: scapula |
The shoulder blade Ch. 5, pg. 197 |
|
|
Definition: sebaceous glands |
Glands that produce an oily substance called sebum, which discharges along the shafts of the hairs Ch. 5, pg. 197 |
|
|
Definition: semen |
Seminal fluid ejaculated from the penis and containing sperm. Ch. 5, pg. 197 |
|
|
Definition: seminal vesicles |
Storage sacs for sperm and seminal fluid, which empty into the urethra at the prostate Ch. 5, pg. 197 |
|
|
Definition: sensory nerves |
The nerves that carry sensations of touch, taste, heat, cold, pain, and other modalities from the body to the central nervous system. Ch. 5, pg. 197 |
|
|
Definition: shock |
An abnormal state associated with inadequate oxygen and nutrient delivery to the metabolic apparatus of the cell. Ch. 5, pg. 197 |
|
|
Definition: skeletal muscle |
Muscle that is attached to bones and usually crosses at least one joint; striated, or voluntary, muscle. Ch. 5, pg. 197 |
|
|
Definition: skeleton |
The framework that gives the body its recognizable form; also designed to allow motion of the body and protection of vital organs. Ch. 5, pg. 197 |
|
|
Definition: small intestine
|
The portion of the digestive tube between the stomach and the cecum, consisting of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. Ch. 5, pg. 197 |
|
|
Definition: smooth muscle
|
Involuntary muscle; it constitutes the bulk of the gastrointestinal tract and is present in nearly every organ to regulate automatic activity Ch. 5, pg. 197 |
|
|
Definition: somatic nervous system
|
The part of the nervous system that regulates activities over which there is voluntary control Ch. 5, pg. 197 |
|
|
Definition: sphincters |
Muscles arranged in circles that are able to decrease the diameter of tubes. Examples are found within the rectum, bladder, and blood vessels. Ch. 5, pg. 197 |
|
|
Definition: sphygmomanometer |
A device used to measure blood pressure Ch. 5, pg. 197 |
|
|
Definition: spinal cord |
An extension of the brain, composed of virtually all the nerves carrying messages between the brain and the rest of the body. It lies inside of and is protected by the spinal canal. Ch. 5, pg. 197 |
|
|
Definition: sternum |
The breastbone Ch. 5, pg. 197 |
|
|
Definition: stratum corneal layer |
The outermost or dead layer of the skin. Ch. 5, pg. 197 |
|
|
Definition: stroke volume (SV) |
The volume of blood pumped forward with each ventricular contraction Ch. 5, pg. 197 |
|
|
Definition: subcutaneous tissue |
Tissue, largely fat, that lies directly under the dermis and serves as an insulator of the body. Ch. 5, pg. 197 |
|
|
Definition: superficial |
Closer to or on the skin Ch. 5, pg. 197 |
|
|
Definition: superior |
Above a body part or nearer to the head Ch. 5, pg. 198 |
|
|
Definition: superior vena cava |
One of the two largest veins in the body; carries blood from the upper extremities, head, neck, and chest into the heart Ch. 5, pg. 198 |
|
|
Definition: sweat glands |
The glands that secrete sweat, located in the dermal layer of the skin Ch. 5, pg. 198 |
|
|
Definition: symphysis |
A type of joint that has grown together forming a very stable connection Ch. 5, pg. 198 |
|
|
Definition: synovial fluid |
The small amount of fluid within a joint used as lubrication Ch. 5, pg. 198 |
|
|
Definition: synovial membrane |
The lining of a joint that secretes synovial fluid into the joint space. Ch. 5, pg. 198 |
|
|
Definition: systemic circulation |
The portion of the circulatory system outside of the heart and lungs Ch. 5, pg. 198 |
|
|
Definition: systemic vascular resistance (SVR) |
The resistance that blood must overcome to be able to move within the blood vessels. SVR is related to the amount of dilation or constriction in the blood vessel. Ch. 5, pg. 198 |
|
|
Definition: systole |
The contraction, or period of contraction, of the heart, especially that of the ventricles. Ch. 5, pg. 198 |
|
|
Definition: temporal regions |
The lateral portions on each side of the cranium Ch. 5, pg. 198 |
|
|
Definition: tendons |
The fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone Ch. 5, pg. 198 |
|
|
Definition: testicle |
A male genital gland that contains specialized cells that produce hormones and sperm. Ch. 5, pg. 198 |
|
|
Definition: thoracic cage |
The chest or rib cage Ch. 5, pg. 198 |
|
|
Definition: thoracic spine |
The 12 vertebrae that lie between the cervical vertebrae and the lumbar vertebrae. One pair of ribs is attached to each of the thoracic vertebrae. Ch. 5, pg. 198 |
|
|
Definition: thorax |
The chest cavity that contains the heart, lungs, esophagus, and great vessels Ch. 5, pg. 198 |
|
|
Definition: thyroid cartilage |
A firm prominence of cartilage that forms the upper part of the larynx; the Adam's apple. Ch. 5, pg. 198 |
|
|
Definition: tibia |
The shin bone, the larger of the two bones of the lower leg. Ch. 5, pg. 198 |
|
|
Definition: tidal volume |
The amount of air moved in and out of the lungs in one relaxed breath; about 500 mL for an adult. Ch. 5, pg. 198 |
|
|
Definition: topographic anatomy |
The superficial landmarks of the body that serve as guides to the structures that lie beneath them. Ch. 5, pg. 198 |
|
|
Definition: torso |
The trunk without the head and limbs Ch. 5, pg. 198 |
|
|
Definition: trachea |
The windpipe; the main trunk for air passing to and from the lungs Ch. 5, pg. 198 |
|
|
Definition: transverse (axial) plane |
An imaginary line where the body is cut into the top and bottom parts Ch. 5, pg. 198 |
|
|
Definition: triceps |
The muscle in the back of the upper arm Ch. 5, pg. 198 |
|
|
Definition: tunica media |
The middle and thickest layer of tissue of a blood vessel wall, composed of elastic tissue and smooth muscle cells that allow the vessel to expand or contract in response to changes in blood pressure and tissue demand. Ch. 5, pg. 198 |
|
|
Definition: ulna |
The inner bone of the forearm, on the side opposite the thumb Ch. 5, pg. 198 |
|
|
Definition: ureter |
A small, hollow tube that carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder. Ch. 5, pg. 198 |
|
|
Definition: urethra |
The canal that conveys urine from the bladder to outside the body Ch. 5, pg. 198 |
|
|
Definition: urinary bladder |
A sac behind the pubic symphysis made of smooth muscle that collects and stores urine. Ch. 5, pg. 198 |
|
|
Definition: urinary system |
The organs the control the discharge of certain waste materials filtered from the blood and excreted as urine. Ch. 5, pg. 198 |
|
|
Definition: vagina |
A muscular distensible tube that connects the uterus with the vulva (the external female genitalia); also called the birth canal Ch. 5, pg. 198 |
|
|
Definition: vasa deferentia |
The spermatic duct between the lungs and the environment Ch. 5, pg. 198 |
|
|
Definition: ventilation |
The movement of air between the lungs and the environment Ch. 5, pg. 198 |
|
|
Definition: ventral |
The anterior surface of the body Ch. 5, pg. 198 |
|
|
Definition: ventral respiratory group (VRG) |
A portion of the medulla oblongata that is responsible for modulating breathing during speech. Ch. 5, pg. 198 |
|
|
Definition: ventricle |
One of two lower chambers of the heart Ch. 5, pg. 198 |
|
|
Definition: vertebrae |
The 33 bones that make up the spinal column Ch. 5, pg. 198 |
|
|
Definition: voluntary muscle |
Muscle that is under direct voluntary control of the brain and can be contracted or relaxed at will; skeletal, or striated, muscle. Ch. 5, pg. 198 |
|
|
Definition: V/Q ratio |
A measurement that examines how much gas is being moved effectively and how much blood is gaining access to the alveoli. Ch. 5, pg. 198 |
|
|
Definition: white blood cells |
Blood cells that have a role in the body's immune defense mechanisms against infections; also called leukocytes Ch. 5, pg. 198 |
|
|
Definition: xiphoid process |
The narrow, cartilaginous lower tip of the sternum Ch. 5, pg. 198 |
|
|
Definition: xygomas |
The quadrangular bones of the cheek, articulating with the frontal bone, the maxillae, the zygomatic processes of the temporal bone, and the great wings of the sphenoid bone Ch. 5, pg. 198 |
|
|
AIA-1: The patient is lying on his back. What is the proper term for his position? A: Supine B: Prone C: Recovery D: Trendelenburg's |
A: Supine
Ch. 5, pg. 199 |
|
|
AIA-2: To determine the patient's level of consciousness, your partner rubs his knuckles on the patient's chest. The patient brings his arms up to his chest in response. This type of motion is called: A: Flexion B: Abduction C: Extension D: Adduction |
A: Adduction Ch. 5, pg. 199 |
|
|
AIA-3: After opening the patient's airway and confirming spontaneous respirations, you check for a pulse on his neck just lateral to the trachea. What artery are you using? A: Radial B: Carotid C: Femoral D: Brachial |
B: Carotid Ch. 5, pg. 199 |
|
|
AIA-4: You determine the patient has a strong pulse and perform a rapid assessment. While assessing the lower extremities, you observe marked swelling in the right thigh. What bone is in this location? A: Fibula B: Tibia C: Femur D: Patella |
C: Femur Ch. 5, pg. 199 |
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AIA-5: Which of the following substances is the main element that the bone cells use to create a hard and resilient structure? A: Sodium B: Potassium C: Magnesium D: Calcium |
D: Calcium Ch. 5, pg. 199 |
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AIA-6: You perform an assessment while en route to the hospital. You note bruising and instability of the right cheekbone. What is the proper name for this bone? A. Zygoma B. Maxilla C. Sphenoid D. Mandible |
A: Zygoma Ch. 5, pg. 199 |
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AIA-7: The larger bone of the forearm at the wrist is called the: A: Humerus B: Ulna C: Radius D: Clavicle |
A: Radius Ch. 5, pg. 199 |
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AIA-8: The forearm makes up part of the elbow. The elbow is an example of what type of joint? A: Hinge B: Ball-and-socket C: Saddle D: Immovable |
A: Hinge Ch. 5, pg. 199 |
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AIA-9: Based on your assessment findings you suspect that your patient may have sustained a closed head injury. What structure of the brain is responsible for the level of consciousness and maintenance of vital signs? |
The brain stem. The portion of the brain stem called the midbrain is responsible for a person's level of consciousness. The portions of the brain stem called the pons and the medulla are responsible for blood pressure, heart rate, and respiratory rate. Ch. 5, pg. 199 |
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AIA-10: Just before arriving at the hospital, you take your final set of vital signs. The patient's initial pulse rate was 89 beats/minute and now it is 116 beats/minute. What part of the nervous system is responsible for this increase? |
When the body recognizes irregularities, the sympathetic nervous system kicks in. Ch. 5, pg. 199 |
