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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Where in the brain are emotions mainly processed?
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Limbic system
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Which structures are most often considered part of the limbic system?
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- Hippocampus (+ gyrus dentatus, fornix)
- Gyrus parahippocampalis - Gyrus cinguli - Corpus amygdaloideum (amygdala) - Corpus mamillare Sometimes also: - Parts of olfactory cortex - Parts of thalamus - Indusium griseum |
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Hippocampus: Location, afferences, efferenzes and function.
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Location: Floor of the cornu temporale of the ventriculus lateralis. Mostly located in lobus temporalis.
Afferences: - From gyrus parahippocampalis (area entorhinalis). ---- impulses from olfactory cortex, amygdala and neocortex ---- somatosensory, visual, auditory and olfactory info - Also: thalamus, gyrus cinguli, fornix Efferences: - Circle: Run in fornix to the corpora mamillaria -> thalamus (ncl. anterior) -> gyrus cinguli -> back to hippocampus Function: - Transfer contents from short term to long term memory - Endocrine, visceral and emotional processes |
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Fornix: Location, function
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Location: Crescent-shaped group of fibers running over the roof of the ventriculus tertius. Connects the hippocampus with the corpus mamillare.
Function: Plays important role in learning: Storage of memory contents from STM into LTM. |
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Commisura fornicis
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The commisure between the fornix on either side. Connects the two hemispheres.
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Where in the brain are emotions mainly processed?
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Limbic system
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Which structures are most often considered part of the limbic system?
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- Hippocampus (+ gyrus dentatus, fornix)
- Gyrus parahippocampalis - Gyrus cinguli - Corpus amygdaloideum (amygdala) - Corpus mamillare Sometimes also: - Parts of olfactory cortex - Parts of thalamus - Indusium griseum |
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Hippocampus: Location, afferences, efferenzes and function.
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Location: Floor of the cornu temporale of the ventriculus lateralis. Mostly located in lobus temporalis.
Afferences: - From gyrus parahippocampalis (area entorhinalis). ---- impulses from olfactory cortex, amygdala and neocortex ---- somatosensory, visual, auditory and olfactory info - Also: thalamus, gyrus cinguli, fornix Efferences: - Circle: Run in fornix to the corpora mamillaria -> thalamus (ncl. anterior) -> gyrus cinguli -> back to hippocampus Function: - Transfer contents from short term to long term memory - Endocrine, visceral and emotional processes |
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Fornix: Location, function
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Location: Crescent-shaped group of fibers running over the roof of the ventriculus tertius. Connects the hippocampus with the corpus mamillare.
Function: Plays important role in learning: Storage of memory contents from STM into LTM. |
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Commisura fornicis
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The commisure between the fornix on either side. Connects the two hemispheres.
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Fornix
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Fornix, sagittal view
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Fornix, coronal view
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Gyrus cinguli: Location, parts, function
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Location: Above corpus callosum. Part of the telencephalon. Along with hippocampus largest structure of the limbic system.
Parts: - Pars posterior (BM 23) - Pars anterior (BA 24) - Area subcallosa (BM 25) - Cingular motor areas (BM 32) Function: - Affects vegetative parameters (e.g. nutrition uptake) - Psychomotor & locomotor drive > Via connections with other limbic structures, association cortex and striatum > Controls emotionally triggered facial movements such as laughing and crying |
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Which functions do the different parts of the limbic system have?
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Hippocampus: Memory, behavior, emotional & vegetative functions.
Gyrus parahippocampalis: Memory, leading on sensory information to the hippocampus. Gyrus cinguli: Psycho- & locomotor drive, vegetative modulation. Corpus amygdaloideum: Affective behavior, affective motivity, emotional learning, affects vegetative functions. Corpus mamillare: Memory, affective behavior, vegetative functions. NB! Work together with other regions! |
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Lateralization
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Some processes take place mainly in one of the cerebral hemispheres.
LEFT: - Language: left side dominant in most people (right handers: always left. left handers: can be either) - Abstract skills (e.g. mathematical operations, word recognition) RIGHT: - spatial visualization, memory for faces, musical skills |
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Corpus callosum: function and parts
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Function: Connects cortical areas (M1, S1, association areas) of the two hemipheres
=> le-ri connection of memories, aquired skills & intellectual efforts Parts: Rostrum, genu, truncus, splenium. |
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What structure is 1-4?
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Corpus callosum
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Callosotomie
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= split brain: Severing the Corpus callosum.
- No serious loss of aquired skills, memory of intelligence. - Motor skills can later be learned with each hemisphere separately - However, still medically verifiable: >> Optic information can only be reproduced using language (verbally and in writing) when the information is registered by the dominant hemisphere (i.e. coming from the contralateral visual hemifield). >>> Thus, information from the left visual hemifield, processed in the right hemisphere, can't reach the left-dominant language center! >>> However, affected persons are able to identify a similar object with the left hand (controlled by the right hemisphere = same side as visual processing of object). |
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What structures surround the diencephalon?
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WTF? I don't get this one.
Slide: Abgrenzungen • kaudal, ventral, dorsal: Mesencephalonstrukturen • Abgrenzung zum Telencephalon wesentlich schwieriger, weil im Laufe der Embryonalentwicklung diese beiden Teile des Neuralrohres paraIell zusammen wachsen: („Vermischungsgebiete“). |
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What centers can be found in the diencephalon?
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Centers for:
- Olfactory pathway - Visual pathway - Auditory pathway - Tactile and proprioceptive information - Emotions |
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How is the diencephalon subdivided?
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- Epithalamus
- Thalamus - Hypothalamus (+pituitary) - Subthalamus |
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What structure?
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Epithalamus
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Epithalamus: location and parts
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Location: Dorsal-most part of the diencephalon. Above the thalamus.
Parts: - Stria medullaris thalami - Nuclei habenulae - Corpus pineale (epiphysis/pineal gland) - Area pretectalis - Commisura posterior |
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Stria medullaris thalami: structure & function
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STRUCTURE:
- Narrow bundle of fibers medial to the thalamus (though mostly unrelated) - Ends dorsally next to the two nuclei habenulares FUNCTION: - Passes information (afferences) on to the nuclei habenulares |
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Habenula: structure & function
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STRUCTURE:
- Two rein-like structures connecting the epiphysis with the thalamus - Contains the ncll. habenulares FUNCTION: - Not clear - Probably relay station for impulses from the olfactory cortex, passing them on to the brain stem, where they reach vegetative cranial nerve nuclei = how smell can influence food intake (salivation at pleasantly smelling foods, nausea and disgust at unpleasant smells) |
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Corpus pineale: names, structure, function, malfunction
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NAMES: Corpus pineale, Zirbeldrüse, Gld. pinealis, Epiphyse.
STRUCTURE: - Name < shaped like pine cone (though not really...) - Grey-reddish neuro-endocrine gland, a few mm large - No direct afferences from the rest of the diencephalon FUNCTION: - Specific cells produce the hormone serotonine, which via intermediate steps becomes melatonin. >> Hormone production controlled by circadian rhythm: >> Melatonin ("zeitgeber-hormone") mainly produced at night >> Sleep-wake cycle and other time dependent bodily rhythms are controlled by melatonin >> Also appears to have inhibitory influence on genital system MALFUNCTION: - impaired daily rhythm (SAD, sleep disorders, ++) - absence or premature appearance of sexual maturity |
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Area pretectalis: structure, function, afferences, efferences
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txt
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Consensual light response
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txt
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Commisura posterior: Location, structure
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txt
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Structure? Function? Associated cortical areas?
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VNG = ventral nuclear group of thalamus
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Structure? Function? Associated cortical areas?
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Anterior-medial-lateral nuclear group
-> limbic system, PFC, parietal cortex ANTERIOR: Part of limbic thalamus - learning, memory, emotions MEDIAL: regulates excitability of forebrain, emotions, cognitive learning, memory LATERAL: not really a group (= posterior region + VNG) |
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Structure? Function? Associated cortical areas?
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Dorsal nuclear group
-> visual cortex, auditory cortex, language processing |
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Fornix
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