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151 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Aid
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Money, goods and expertise given by one country to another, either free or at a low cost
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Bilateral aid
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Money sent from the government of one country directly to another
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core and periphery
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a theory that shows how different economic development between regions leads to a prosperous 'core' region and a poorer 'periphery'
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Cultural development
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greater equality for women and better race relations in multicultural societies
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Demographic development
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An increase in life expectancy and an overall fall in the death rate combined with falling birth rates
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Deindustrialisation
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A decline in the importance of manufacturing in the industrial economy of a country
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Developed countries
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The most highly developed countries whose populations enjoy high living standards
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Developing countries
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Countries at lower stages of development
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Development
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Socio-economic change which aims to improve wealth and standards of living
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Development Continuum
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The span of levels of economic development, from poorest to wealthiest countries
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Development Gap
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The differences between poorer countries of the developing world and wealthier developed countries
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Economic development
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an inrease in a country's level of wealth
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Ecotourism
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An economic process by which rare and beautiful ecosystems and cultural attractions are marketed intentionally to attract tourists. It is a form of sustainable tourism, conserving the environment for future generations.
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Fair Trade
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A system of trade whereby producers are paid fair prices to give them a reasonable standard of living
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Foreign Direct Investment
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investment by a transnational corporation in countries other than its parent
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G8
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The group of the 8 largest economies in the world (Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, UK and USA)
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Global shift
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The filtering down of manufacturing industry from developed to developing countries
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Globalisation
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The way in which people, cultures, money, goods, and information 'move' between countries with few or no barriers
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Green economy
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An economy based on sustainable development e.g. low carbon use
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HDI
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Human development index
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Human Development Index
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A composite measure of development that measures life expectancy, literacy, and standard of living, the index ranges from 0(worst) to 1(best)
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IMF
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International Monetary Fund
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International Monetary Fund
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An organisation which funds development in poorer countries using bank deposits from wealthier countries
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Just-In-Time
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A process used by TNCs to reduce stock, so that goods are produced just in time, before sale, rather than being held in warehouses
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LEDCs
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Less economically developed countries
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Less economically developed countries
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Defined by the UN as the poorest and most economically weak of the developing countries with formidable economic and institutional and human resource problems, which are often compounded by geographical handicaps and natural and ma-made disasters
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Long-term development projects
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Investments can help the countries, by investing in agriculture, infastructure, education and medical facilities
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Measure of development
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Statistical way to show the size of differences in levels of development and wealth between countries
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MDG
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Millennium development goals
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Millennium Development Goals
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8 goals agreed on by the UN in 2000, for all people to work towards achieving by 2015
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Multilateral aid
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Aid given by governments to international organisations, these include organisations such as the World Bank and UNESCO
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New Economy
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Also known as the 'knowledge economy', which is based on creativity and specialised expertise in finance, media, and management rather than manufacturing
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NIC
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Newly industrialised countries
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Newly industrialised countries
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Countries in the developing world that have undergone rapid industrialisation since the beginning of the 1960s
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Non-governmental organisations
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Many are charities such as Oxfam, which raise money for development projects ensuring it is directed at those who need it most
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North-south divide
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The imagined line that seperates the richer countries of the north from the poorer ones in the south, it was proposed by the Brandt report in 1980
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Out-sourcing
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The employment of people overseas to do jobs previously done by people in a developed country
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Political development
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Freedom means that people have a greater say in who forms the government and therefore the impact that it can have on their lives
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Short-term aid
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Aid given in response to a sudden problem within a country, this usually follows a disaster
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Social-development
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Includes a range of changes affecting the quality of life of the population e.g. improved levels of education, access to medical facilities, improved levels of sanitation
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Special Economic Zone
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Areas in which governments offer tax incentives for foreign companies to build new factories there
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Sustainable development
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Development to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
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Tariffs
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Also known as 'duties', charges imposed on the import of goods from certain countries
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Tied aid
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The recipent of the aid has to agree to conditions laid down by the donor
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top-down development
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Where decisions made about development are made by organisations
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Trade
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The exchange of goods between countries
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Trade liveralisation
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Also known as free trade, this means removing abrriers such as duties or customs, the theory is that the fewer the barriers there are to the flow of goods, the greater trade will be
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TNC
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transnational corporation
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Transnational Coroporation
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A company that operates in at least 2 countries, it is common for TNCs to have a hierarchical structure, with the headquaters and R&D department in the country of origin and manufacturing plants overseas
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World bank
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An organisation set up after WW2 to promote investment globally and provide loans for countries who agree to conditions like the IMF
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World Trade Organisatioin
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A group of nations agreeing to trade with each other without the use of tariffs or duties, it deals with the rules of global trade, with the aim of easing trade and getting rid of anything hindering it
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6 aspects of development
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economic, environmental, political, cultural, social and demographic
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GDP
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gross domestic product
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GNP
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gross national product
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UNDP
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United nations development programme
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Primary employment
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the percentage of people in the country employed in primary occupations
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Birth rate
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the number of births per 1000 people per year
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Death rate
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The number of deaths per 1000 per year
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Infant mortality
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The number of children per year out of every 1000 born alive that die before they reach the age of one
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life expectancy
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the average number of years a person can expect to live from birth
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literacy rate
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number of adults who can read and write per 1000 people
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Gross domestic product
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a monetary measure of all the services and goods produced in a country per year
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Gross national product
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A monetary measure of measure of all the services and goods produced in a country per year including those made abroad
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Brandt line
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created in 1980, splits the rich north and the poor south, however doesn't show industrialising countries, and hasn't been updated
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Wallenstein theory
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categorised the core as high skills and capital intensive production, and the periphery as low skilled labour intensive
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Types of groupings
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free trade areas, customs unions, common markets, and economic unions
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Major trade blocks
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EU, NAFTA, ASEAN, EFTA, SADC
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Positives of grouping nations
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greater chance of peace, increased trade as barriers are removed, better demographic functions, sectors can be supported, easier to migrate, monetary unions
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Negatives of grouping nations
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loss of severeignty, loss in financial control, certain areas damaged as have to share resources, elites can hold a disproportianate amount of power, drive towards federalism from some countries, can cause seperatist movements
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NAFTA
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North American Free Trade Agreement (1994)
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North american Free trade agreement
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signed by the US, Canada, and mexico, aimed to gradually phase out tarrifs between countries by 2010, promote economic competition, increase investment, improve cooperation between the states
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Negatives of NAFTA
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some canadian companies have closed due to competition from lower cost US firms, some US firms have moved to mexico to exploit cheaper labour
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Positives of NAFTA
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Trade between member countries tripled between 1993 and 2007 from $306billion to $930billion, manufacturing grew in the USA, mexico increased foreign investment
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Core
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80% of goods are produced and consumed here, most globalised, highest incomes, largest FDI, HQa
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Periphery
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2.5billion live on less than $2 a day, cheap labour and raw materials
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Fisher and Clark model of employment
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The shift from periphery to core
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Dependency theory
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developed by Andre Frank, says that the core develops at expense of the periphery
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Bretton woods agreement
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set up by the IMF in 1972 and aimed to fix exchange rates
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Keynesian economies
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An economy theory of total spending in the economy and its effects on ouput and inflation
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Neoliberalism
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A political movement beginning in the 1960s that blends traditional liberal concerns for social justice with an emphasis on economic growth
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Hegemon
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leadership or predominant influence exercised by one nation over others as in a confederation
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Financial times and the london stock exchange (FTSE)
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Share index of the 100 companies listen on the london stock exchange with the highest market capitalisation, one of the most wideley used stock indicies
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Examples of counter urbanisation
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Closing of docklands due to containeralisation, causing a decline in jobs in london, the development of the High speed rail, allows you to get from birmingham to london in an hour
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Examples of urbanisation
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India wave of telecommunications and internet, optic fibre cables (SEA-ME-WE), china's SEZs and coastal locations
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corporate capitalism
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TNCs have the monopoly over money in certain areas, so are in control of the money
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WTO
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World trade organisation
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Why is mexico a NIC
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Next to the US and so has trading advantages, also US government is keen to make the Mexican economy is prosperous to ensure political stability on it's southern border
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Why is brazil a NIC
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A big resource base with minerals, forest resources, and agricultural land, development spreading out from Rio de Janiero and Sao Paulo
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Asian Tigers
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focus on exports, strong degree of chinese influence, so is very busniness orientated, abundance of cheap leabour during the 1960s, an authoritarian political system at the beginning of the devleopment made it eas for development plans to be driven, high tarriffs on imports
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Who are the Asian Tigers
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Taiwan, South Korea, Hong Kong and Signapore
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What happened to the asian tigers in the 990s
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the tigers economics expanded too fast and the prices of property, stocks and shares became overvalued, and help had to be given by the IMF
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China: Population
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1.351 billion
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India: Population
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1.237billion
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USA: Population
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313.9million
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China: Positives
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SEZs allow investment without having to pay taxes, joined WTO in 2001 which has allowed them to open up imports and exports, standard of living and HDI has increased as a whole, money has been invested into education and healthcare
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China: Negatives
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large scale corruption increased to 18.5% in 1988, development gap has increased rapidly, strain on global resources, didn't join the Kyoto protocol, considered a hegemon
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China's emperor from 1946-1976
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Mao Zedong
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China: 1980
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First SEZ set up in Shenzen
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China: 1986
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New ruler developed an Open Door Policy to investment
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China: 1990
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TNCs began to locate in china increasing GDP by 8%
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China: 1994
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3 Gorges Dam built, that provides 15% of the energy
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China: 2001
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China joined the WTO
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China: 2050
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Predicted that china will consume more oil and paper than the world now produces
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India: The second largest
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English speaking country
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India: 2.5million
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technical proffesionals
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India: Bangalore
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Indias leading centre for ICT, with 7 technology parks, best telecom infastructure in the countriy, a green park, and a nano park
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Infosys is
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A software company based in Bangalore
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Infosys has
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9 development centres in india, and 30 offices worldwide
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From 1993 to 2007 the issue price of a infosys share has increased
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3000 fold
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Coca Cola: created in
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Atlanta, Georgia, 1886
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Coca Cola: created by
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John Pemberton
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Coca Cola: % of sales generated outside North America
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70
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Coca Cola: In 1939 coke was being bottled in .... countries
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44
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Coca Cola: Sold in more than ... countries
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200
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Coca Cola: ... assosciated
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139600
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Coca Cola: Positives
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training and education, community schemes in africa, provides 4000 vietnamese women with merchandise and training, creates jobs, bottling firms owned by locals so profits stay in host country, invested $1.5billion into Russian Economy
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Coca Cola: Negatives
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Exploit LEDCs, most profits returned to MEDCs, can pull out of a country at any time, in march 2004, a $16million bottling plant in india was shut down due to a decline in the local quality of water, a bottling plant in coloumbia was charged with 179 accounts of human rights violations
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TNC positives
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employment, multiplyer effect, higher disposible income, new method of working, attract FDI, incentives, creates globalisation, are becomming more environmentally aware
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TNC negatives
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competition between local firms, environmental concerns, labour exploitation, urbanisation, removal of capital, outside decision making, environmental degradation, tax avoidance, derelict old industrial cities
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TNCs employ
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1% of the global workforce
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TNCs account for
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25% of the global economy
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Why do TNCs relocate
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To escape trade tariffs, lower production costs, increase over seas sales, exploit minerals and labour costs
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Horizontal intergration
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buying up the competition, to monopolise the market
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Vertical intergration
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by controlling and owning every stage of production from exploration to sales
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Apple: Founded in
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1976 by Steve Jobs
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Apple: is the
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2nd largest information technology company by revenue after samsung
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Apple: Negatives
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14 deaths and many attempted suicides in china, work for 70 hour weeks, monopolising the market, expensive final products, use alot of plastic during production, do not recycle
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Apple: Positives
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750000 workers employed, wages in 2009 were $135 per month in china, now are rising to $175
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Bottom-up aid
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Otherwise known as grassroots, often funded by NGOs, work closely with local communties and use local knowledge to bring about cahnge
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Why hasnt free-trade occured
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corruption, inflation, interest, natural disasters, dependence on Western countries, trading blocks do not normally include LEDCs
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Aid positives
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Haiti generated $3million in 2 days, events such as live aid raise awareness, development linked to aid, access to clean water, since 1981 wealthy countries have given 0.7% of GDP to international aid, creates a global community
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Aid negatives
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dependence on aid can restrict development, farmers cannot compete with food that has been provided for free, trade is a more sustainable solution
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EPA
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Economic Partnership Agreement
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Trade positives
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Long term solution, stimulates economic growth and development, strong international links
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Trade Negatives
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Not a short term solution, LEDCs struggle in global market, relies on demand from MEDCs, poor working conditions, may not have the resources, propelled debt
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Obama's green economy
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Create jobs in renewable energy sector, $100billion investment making buildings more efficient, $15billion a year to develop solar power, expand public transport, create more fuel efficient cars
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Agenda 21
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In 1987 179 countries agreed the way forward was to adopt a sustainable development policy
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Kyoto Protocol
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1997, aimed to reduce carbon emissions by 5.2% of the 1990 level by 2012, using carbon credits, china refused to join
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Copenhagen
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2009, reduce carbon emissions by 30%, signed by 156 countries, no built in incentive (no consequence for not meeting targets)
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Butlers model of tourism
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Exploration, involvement, development, consolidation, stagnation, rejuvination/decline
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Posada Amazonas: location
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south-eastern peru
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Posada Amazonas: what is it?
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30 room eco-lodge
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Posada Amazonas: is owned by
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infierno tribal community
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Posada Amazonas: number of tourists kept down by
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having small boats only carrying 40-50 people
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Posada Amazonas: advantages
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encourages the care of the environment, income for locals, forests value increases so is protected, profits of $130000 in 2007, $140000 in wages, increase in literacy rates and health care, reduced levels of hunting
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Posada Amazonas: disadvantages
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locals are selling their identity, culture, motorboats have replaced canoes, modern tools are used to cut down trees, road called the interoceanic highway to brazil was made which opened it up to more tourists, could encourage butler model, have to use airplanes and boats to get there
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How are we trying to be environmentally sustainable
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Kyoto protocol, agenda 21, copenhagen, carbon credits
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How are we trying to be economically sustainable
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EU (single market, monetary union, EDF), Fair trade
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Causes of Uganda's low development
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depended on low value primary products such as coffee and tea so has little FDI, did not exploit its copper and colbalt resources or green and fertile lands, landlocked between politically instable countries, loans used to buy weaons, fertillity rate is 6.3, birth rate is 48, debts reached $19billion in 1992
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Brazil
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Large resource base, development has spread out from curitiba, rio de janeiro and brazillia, famous for Cobana beach, poverty has decreased by 2/3, the Real has lost 20% of its value since 2013
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Dubai
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highest GDP, relies on oil, skyscrapers and tourism, reclaimed land, Masdar
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