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6 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Structure and importance of plasma membranes inside and around cells. |
1. description of phosphlipid bilayer + diagram - control movement of substances into and out of cells 2. fluid-mosaic 3. contains channel proteins, pumps, in- and extrinsic proteins, cholesterol to make membrane fluid 4. thylakoid membranes - LDR photosynthesis - large SA for attachment of chlorophyll, enzymes and electron carriers 5. inner mitochondrial membranes - ETC 6. prokaryote cell membrane --> mesosome --> formation of pilus (conjugation) for horizontal gene transmission 7. neurones - AP - gated ion channels and pump in axon membrane 8. synapses 9. small intestine epithelial cell membranes contain Cl- and Na+ channel proteins - take ions in from lumen to maintain water potential gradient 10. mRNA - fitting through nuclear pore to attach to ribosomes on RER 11. sperm + egg membrane fusion - sperm releases digestive enzymes which degrade the layer of glycoproteins on the egg, allowing the membranes to fuse - sperm nucleus enters egg 12. alkaline hydrothermal vents - have membranes containing H+ - thought to be how life started - form acetyl phosphate and pyrophosphate |
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Carbon dioxide may affect organisms directly or indirectly. Describe and explain these effects. |
1. Respiring tissues produce more CO2 - lower pO2 - Hb unloads O2 used in repiration 2. chemoreceptors in aorta and carotid arteries - CO2 to carbonic acid - lowers pH - impulses to medulla oblongata - increases ventilation rate and heart rate 3. needed in LIR photosynthesis - RuBP + CO2 --> GP --> TP --> glucose 4. indirect - glucose from LIR used in respiration 5. carbon cycle - C compounds from plants and animals - decomposers - that which isnt respired is fossilized - fossil fuels combusted 6. rising CO2 in atmosphere - 40% more since before industrial revolution - climate change --> higher crop yields --> rising temps, more unstable weather - affects distribution of animals and plants - mosquitoes of the Anopheles genus move further north - higher prevalence of malaria --> warmer oceans - photosynthetic zooxanthellae algae in corals leave/die - bleaching - corals weaker --> more CO2 in oceans - acidification - CaCO3 reacts with acid - damages coral skeleton + clam, snail, urchin shells - can't absorb more to maintain |
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Structure of cells related to function. |
1. chloroplasts --> thylakoid membranes - large SA for attachment of chlorophyll + enzymes + e- carriers for LDR --> starch grains - efficient storage 2. guard cells - take in water when light - become turgid - opens stomata 3. prokaryotes --> flagella - needed for Vibrio cholerae bacteria have one to propel them through mucous lining of small intestine --> plasmids - horizontal gene transmission - form a pilus for conjugation 4. muscle fibre cells - no membranes between them (multinucleate) - contain actin and myosin for muscle contraction 5. cells in liver, muscle, brown fat - lots of mitochondria for respiration 6. neurones - axons contain voltage-gated ion channels and pump in membrane - myelinated and unmyelinated 7. small intestine epithelial cells have villi and microvilli for large SA for increased absorption 8. epithelial cells in alveoli + capillaries - flat - efficient gas exchange 9. root hair cells - large SA for osmosis and active transport of mineral ions 10. red blood cells --> biconcave - flexible, can fit through capillaries --> contain Hb --> no nucleus, can carry more Hb, carry more O2 11. phloem - sieve cells separated with perforated sieve plates 12. xylem - no membranes between cells, no organelles 13. fungal cells have a cell wall made of chitin that protects the cell |
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The biological importance of water. |
1. H20 - delta +ve and -ve - allows hydrogen bonds - makes is cohesive + adhesive - sticks to charged surfaces like xylem vessel 2. transpiration - water in xylem and phloem sap carry sugars and salts 3. blood plasma - carries red blood cells, glucose, CO2, proteins 4. O2 - terminal e- acceptor in ETC - forms H2O 5. sweat - cools you down, prevents hyperthermia 6. taxes and kinesis 7. substrate for LDR photosynthesis 8. antibiotics cause bacterial cell walls to not form properly - water moves down WP gradient by osmosis - osmotic lysis 9. amphibians need to return to water to breed |
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Using DNA in science and technology. |
1. structure of DNA - differences lead to genetic diversity 2. In Vivo - producing DNA fragments (restriction endonucleases, reverse transcriptase) - plasmid vectors, marking 3. In Vitro - PCR 4. Genetic screening - Sanger sequencing 5. Taxonomy - base sequence + amino acid compared 6. cell cycle + treatment of cancer 7. gene therapy - current techniques--> gene replacements--> inactivating mutated gene--> repairing gene (selective reverse mutation)--> gene supplementation - adding healthy dominant gene, masks effect of faulty gene - used to alleviate effects of CF - inhaler or nasal spray--> somatic + germline 8. possible future techniques - CF and SCID 9. GM organisms --> plants - tomatoes - don't go soft --> animals - produce anti-thrombin in milk 10. ethical issues of gene therapy and GM |
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The importance of shapes fitting together in cells and organisms. |
1. complementary bases --> DNA replication --> taxonomy - comparing base sequences --> use of probes in genetic screening 2. enzyme active sites 3. enzymes inhibition --> can be used as treatment - statins 4. e.g. rubisco 5. glucagon receptor sites in liver cells - cAMP - glycogenolysis 9. muscle contraction - Ca binding to troponin, myosin head binding sites 10. haemoglobin and O2 11. translation - anticodons and AAs |
