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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Charles Darwin |
Published On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, November 24, 1859. |
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Darwin presented two main concepts: |
- Life Evolves - Change occurs as a result of ”descent with modification” with natural selection as the mechanism. |
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What did Darwin mean by ”Descent with modification” |
Terms to describe evolution. |
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Natural selection |
Is a process in which organisms with certain inherited characteristics are more likely to survive and reproduce than are individuals with other characteristics. |
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Natural selection example |
• A Trinidad tree mantid that mimics dead leaves to blend in and survived. • A leaf mantid in Costa Rica • A flower mantid in Malaysia |
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Natural selection leads to: |
- A population (a group of individuals of the same species living in the same place at the same time) changing over generations. - Evolution adaptation |
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In one modern definition of evolution |
The genetic composition of a population changes over time |
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The Voyage of the Beagle |
- Darwin was born on February 12, 1809, the same day that Abraham Lincoln was born. - In December 1831 Darwin left Great Britain on the HMS Beagle on a five-year voyage the world |
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What is Darwin known |
For the studies of histories of the Galapagos Islands. |
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On his journey, on the Beagle, Darwin: |
- Collected thousands of specimens - Observed various additions in organisms. |
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What was Darwin interesting in |
- He was interested in many things in the Galapagos Islands, such as the geographic distribution of organisms on the Galapagos Islands - Similarities between organisms in the Galapagos and those in South America. |
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What type of animal similarity was Darwin studying |
Land iguana and marine iguana |
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Darwin made two main points in The Origin of Species |
- Organisms inhabiting Earth today descended from ancestral species - Natural selection was the mechanism for descent with modification. |
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Evidence of Evolution of Natural Selection |
- Biological evolution leaves an observable signs - Five of the many lines of evidence in support of evolution are: • The fossil record • Biogeography • Comparative anatomy • Comparative embryology • Molecular biology |
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The Fossil Record |
- Fossilscare - Imprints or remains of organisms that lived in the past. - Often found in sedimentary rocks. |
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The fossil record: |
Is the ordered sequence of fossils as they appear in rocky layers Reveals the appearance of organisms in a historical sequence. Fits the molecular and cellular evidence that prokaryotes are the ancestor of all life. |
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Biogeography |
Is the study of the geographic distribution of species that first suggested to Darwin that today’s organisms evolved from ancestral forms. |
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Comparative Anatomy |
- Is the comparison of body structure between different species - Confirms that evolution is a remodeling process. |
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Homology |
- The similarity in structure due to common ancestry - Illustrated by the remodeling of the pattern of bones forming the forelimbs of mammals. |
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Examples of homology |
• Human Arm • Cat front leg • Whale fin • Batwing |
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Comparative Embryology |
Early stages of development in different animals species reveal additional homologous relationships. |
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Example of comparative embryology |
Pharyngeal punches appear on the side of the embryo’s throat, which - Develop into gill structure in fish - Form parts of the ear and throat in humans. - Comparative embryology of vertebrates supports evolutionary theory. |
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Molecular Biology |
The hereditary background of an organism is documented in: - It's DNA - The proteins encoded by the DNA - Evolutionary relationships among species can be determined by • Genes • Proteins of different organisms. |
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Percentage of selected DNA sequences that match a chimpanzee’s DNA |
Human 98% Gorilla 97% Orangutan 96% Gibbon 95% Old World monkey 93% |
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What did Darwin noted |
- The close relationship between adaptation to the environment and the origin of new species. - The evolution of finches on the Galapagos Islands is an excellent example. |
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Darwin was looking into what type of orgamism |
Finches or Birds, he discovers 13. |
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Darwin based his theory of natural selection on two key observation |
- All species tend to produce an excessive number of offspring - Organisms vary, and much of this variation is heritable. |
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Puffballs |
Produce spore clouds that will survive and others don’t. |
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Differential reproduction success natural selection |
Those individuals with traits best suited to the local environment generally leave a larger share of surviving, fertile offspring. |
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Darwin’s inescapable conclusion was |
- Synthesized the theory of natural selection from two observation that was neither profound not original - Others had the pieces of the puzzle, but Darwin could see how they for together. |
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Darwin observation was |
• Observation 1: Overproduction and competition. • Observation 2: Individual variation • Conclusion: unequal reproductive success - It is this unequal reproduction stress that Darwin called natural selection - The product of natural selection is an adaption. • Natural selection is the mechanism of evolution. |
