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105 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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3 types of lamelle |
Concentric, circumfrential, and interstitial |
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Which lamellae create target like pattern, with the central canal as a bulls eye |
Concentric |
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Which lamellae fill in the spaces btw the osteons in compact bone |
Interstitial |
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Which lamellae are found at the outer and inner surfaces of the bone (covered by periosteum and endosteum) |
Circumferential |
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Know location of lamellae |
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Superficial layer of compact bone that covers all bones is wrapped by a |
Periosteum |
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Functions of periosteum (3) |
Isolates the bone fm surounding tissue, provides route foe the blood vessels and nerves, takes part in bone growth and repair |
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Endosteum |
Incomplete cellular layer, lines the medullary cavity |
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Thin parallel surface, form the roof of the skull, the sternum, ribs, and scapulae |
Flat bone |
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Relatively long and slender located in arm and forearm |
Long bone |
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Usually small, round, and flat. Develope inside tendons and are most often encountered near joints at the knee |
Sesamoid bones |
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Small flat oddly shaped bones found btw the flat bones of the skull |
Sutural bone |
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Complex shapes with short, flat, notched or rigid surfaces |
Irregular bones |
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Boxlike in appearance, |
Short bones |
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Example of sutural bones |
Skull |
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Example of irregular bone |
Vertebrae |
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Example short bone |
Carpal bones |
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Example of flat bone |
Form roof of skull |
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Example of long bone |
Humerus |
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Example of sesamoid bones |
Patella |
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5 primary functuons of skeletal system |
Support, storage of minerals and lipids, blood cell production, protection, leverage |
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Bone markings |
Surface features |
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Bone markings openings: sinus |
Chamber within a bone normally filled with air |
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Bone markings elevations and projections PROCESS |
projection por bump |
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Bone marking openings foramen |
Rounded passageway for blood vessels or nerves |
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Bone marking openings fissure |
Deep furrow cleft or slit |
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Bone marking opening meatus |
Passage or channel especially opening of canal |
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Bone markings opening canal |
Duct or channel |
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Bone marking elevation projection: process |
Projection or bump |
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Bone marking elevation projection: ramus |
Extension of a bone that forms angle wih the rest of the structure |
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Bone marking depressions: sulcus |
Narrow groove |
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Bone marking depression: fossa |
Shallow depression |
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Bone marking process ligaments and tendons attach: trochanter |
Large rough projection |
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Bone marking process ligaments and tendons attach: crest |
Prominent ridge |
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Bone marking process ligaments and tendons attach: spine |
Pointed process |
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Bone marking process ligaments and tendons attach: line |
Low ridge |
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Bone marking process ligaments and tendons attach: tubercle |
Small rounded projection |
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Bone marking process ligaments and tendons attach: tuberosity |
Rough projection |
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Bone marking process formed where joints occur btw adjacent bone: head |
Expanded articular end of an epiphysis, often seperated by shaft or narrow neck |
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Bone marking process formed where joints occur btw adjacent bone: neck |
Narrow connection btw the epiphysis and diaphysis |
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Bone marking process formed where joints occur btw adjacent bone: facet |
Small flat articular surface |
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Bone marking process formed where joints occur btw adjacent bone: condyle |
Smooth rounded articular process |
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Bone marking process formed where joints occur btw adjacent bone: trochlea |
Smooth grooved articular proce$ shaped like a pulley |
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Know these |
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Knwow these |
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Bone markings |
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4 types of bone cells |
Osteocytes, osteoblasts, osteogenic cells, osteoclasts |
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Osteocytes (do and location) |
Mature bone cell that maintains the bone matrix. Located inside the matrix |
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Osteoblasts |
Immature, produce new bone matrix in process called ossification or osteogenesis |
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Osteogenic cells (do and location) |
Mesenchymal cells, maintain population of osteoblasts and important in fracture repair. Found in inner cellular layer of periosteum also endosteum |
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Osteoclasts (do and location) |
Cells that absorb and remove bone matrix |
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Bone cells |
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Diaphysis |
Shaft |
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Epiphysis |
Head part of long bone |
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Metaphysis |
Part btw head and shaft of long bone |
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Compact bone |
"Dense bone" relatively solid |
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Medullary cavity |
Innermost part "marrow cavity" |
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Spongy bone |
"Cancellous or trabecular bone" consists of open network of struts and plates that resembles latticework |
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Compact bone structure |
Osteon "halversian system" Central canal "haversian canal" Perforating canals "volkmanns canal" |
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Compact bone structure: central canal |
Contains 1 or more blood vessels that carry blood to and from the osteon |
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Compact bone structure: perforating canals |
Extend perpendicular to the surface. Blood vessels supply blood to osteons deeper in the bone and to tissues of medullary cavity |
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Compact bone structure |
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Spongy bone structure: trabeculae |
Matrix forms meshwork of supporting bundles of fibers called trabeculae |
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Spongy bone structure |
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Canaliculi |
Microscopic passageway btw cells, permit the diffusion of nutrients and wastes to and from osteocytes |
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Endochondral ossification |
Cartilage models are gradually replaced by bone. Long bone |
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Steps to endochondral ossification |
Boys cant pee with erection |
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Intramembranous ossification "dermal" which bones |
Flat bones of the skull, mandible and clavicle |
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Know the steps |
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Intramembranous ossification |
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Bone growth appositional |
Width |
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Bone growth interstitial |
Length |
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2 Key hormones produce calcium ion homeostasis |
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitriol (increase rate of calcium ion) Calcitonin (decrease blood calcium ions) Lg #s released bone bc weaker, lg #s deposited bones bc stronger |
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Fracture repair |
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Axial skeleton (which 80 bones) |
Skull (8 cranium 14 facial) 6 auditory ossicles and hyoid bone 24 vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, sternum and 24 ribs |
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Appendicular bones |
Support the limbs... clavicle, legs, arms |
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Name bones of the eye orbit |
(Top) frontal bone (rt side) lacrimal and ethmoid bone (bottom) maxilla and palatine bone (left side) sphenoid and zygomatic bone |
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Synarthrosis |
(No movement)
Suture-skull Gomphosis-binds teeth to maxillae Synchondrosis- btw ribs and sternum Synostosis- 2bones fuse (frontal skull) |
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Amphiarthrosis |
Little movement
Syndesmosis-bones connected by ligament Symphysis-bones connected by wedge or pad of fibrocartilage (btw 2 pelvic bones) |
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Diarthrosis |
Free movement
Synovial-wider range of motion, typically at ends of long bones |
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Diarthrosis (planes of movement) |
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Extension |
Return to anatomical position |
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Extension |
Return to anatomical position |
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Flexion |
Flexing (bend elbow) |
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Abduction |
Away from body |
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Adductuion |
Toward body |
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Spination |
Palm up |
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Pronation |
Palm down |
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Eversion |
Turns the sole outward |
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Inversion |
Turns the sole of the foot inward |
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Head rotation |
Right and left |
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Arm rotation |
Lateral (out palm up) Medial (in palm down) |
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Dorsiflexion |
Ankle joint (dig heel into ground) |
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Plantar flexion |
Ankle joint (stand on tip toes) |
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Opposition |
Bring thumb to pinky |
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Retraction |
Bring chin to throat |
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Protraction |
Extend chin outward |
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Depression |
Open mouth (depress mandable) |
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Elevation |
Close mouth |
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Lateral flexion |
Vertebral column bends to side |
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Spine (specific joints) (ligaments) |
The bodies of vertebrae form symphyseal joints. Slight rotation and flexion/extension |
Also ligamentum nuchae extends frm c7 to base of skull where supraspinous ligament is fm c7 to sacrum |
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Shoulder joint (joint and ligaments) |
Glenohumeral joint, ball and socket diarthrosis formed by articulation of head of humerus with the glenoid cavity of scapula. **acromioclavicular ligament, coracoclavicular ligament, and coracoacromial ligament |
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Muscles of rotator cuff |
Teres minor and subscapularis |
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Hip joint |
Ball and socket, **pubofemoral ligament, iliofermoral and ischiofemoral ligament |
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Knee joint (joint and ligament) |
Complex hinge *patellar ligament, posterior cruciate, tibial collateral, fibular collateral |
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