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311 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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3 stages of Hemostasis - What is the first stage? |
Platelet Plug Formation - platelets adhere to rough surfaces and slow the loss of blood.
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3 stages of Hemostasis - What is the second stage?
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Vascular Spasm (Vasoconstriction) - serotonin from platelets causes the vessels to constrict and slow blood transport.
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3 stages of Hemostasis - What is the third stage?
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Clotting or Coagulation - chemical changes in the proteins of the blood that stop blood loss.
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What are the 3 stages of Hemostasis?
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1. Platelet Plug Formation
2. Vascular Spasm (vasoconstriction) 3. Clotting or Coagulation |
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Platelets adhere to _________ in vessel walls and contribute to plaque build-up.
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Lipids
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What can prevent platelets from clumping together?
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Aspirin and Plavix
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The first sound of the heart?
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Lubb
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Lubb is due to?
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blood moving from the Atria to the Ventricles through the atrioventricular valves (tricuspid and bicuspid).
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What are the atrioventricular valves?
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Tricuspid and bicuspid
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The second sound of the heart?
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Dubb
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Dubb is due to?
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blood leaving the ventricles via the semilunar valves. (Pulmonary and Aortic)
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Name the semilunar valves.
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Pulmonary and Aortic
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Name the 8 major pulse points.
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Brachial
Maxillary Temporal Carotid Radial Popliteal femoral Dorsalis Pedis Arteries are used |
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Blood Cell Production in fetus - the first site of blood production is known as?
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Mesenchyme of embryo
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Blood production in fetus stops after birth and becomes major sites for blood cell destruction and this happens where in the body?
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Spleen and Liver
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Red Bone Marrow is produced?
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in fetus and throughout life.
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Name the white blood cells
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Neutrophil
Lymphocyte Monocyte Eosinophil Basophil |
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The most abundant WBC?
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Neutrophil
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Rarest WBC?
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Basophil
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A blood has what antigens and what antibodies?
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A antigens and b antibodies
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B blood has what antigens and what antibodies?
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B antigens and a antibodies
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AB blood has what antigens and what antibodies?
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A & B antigens and NO a or b antibodies
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O blood has what antigens and what antibodies?
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A and B antigens and a and b antibodies
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First stage of clotting can occur in two ways - what are they
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Extrinsic Pathway
Intrinsic Pathway |
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Extrinsic Pathway occurs where?
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outside the blood vessels
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Intrinsic Pathway occur where?
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inside the blood vessels
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Which is more complex Extrinsic or Intrinsic pathway?
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Intrinsic
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Which is faster Extrinsic or Intrinsic pathway?
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Extrinsic
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Decrease in blood volume due to fluid loss or vasodilation causes?
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Shock
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Different types of shock
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Hypovolemic shock
Obstructed Venous shock Vascular shock Neurogenic shock Septic shock Anaphylactic shock |
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What causes Hyopvolemic shock?
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decrease blood volume (hemorrhage, burns and dehydration)
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What causes Obstructed Venous Shock?
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aneurysm or tumor caused
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What causes Vascular shock?
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venous pooling (severe edema)
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What causes Neurogenic shock?
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vessels dilate
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What causes Septic shock?
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bacterial toxins cause vasodilation
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What causes Anaphylactic shock?
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immune response to allergies cause increased histamine (vasodilatation) production; like bee venom
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Arteries are mostly oxy or deoxy?
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oxy
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Veins are mostly oxy or deoxy?
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deoxy
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Is systole or diastole the contraction part of the heart?
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systole
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Is systole or diastole the relaxation phase of the heart?
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diastole
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AV/SA nodes - which is faster?
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SA
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The SA node is also know as?
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the Pacemaker
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The AV node is slower than the SA node but it can do what?
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the SA node tell it to do
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Rh factor means that blood is?
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negative or positive
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A person with the Rh antigen is?
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Rh positive
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A person without the Rh antigen is?
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Rh negative
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Only Rh _______ people with exposure to to Rh positive blood will develop the Rh antibody.
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negative
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How does the fetus get the RH disease?
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The mother must be RH negative and the fetus must be RH positive and the mother must have had prior exposure to RH positive blood in order for the fetus to have RH disease.
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What type of blood is the most common and the universal donor?
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O
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What type of blood is the rarest and the universal recipient?
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AB
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EKG - P wave =
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atrial systole
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EKG - QRS =
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ventricular systole
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EKG - T wave =
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ventricular diastole
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x linked recessive trait where there is no Factor VIII; females can be carriers
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Hemophilia
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Clot in a vessel?
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Thrombus
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Clot that travels from one place to another?
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Enbolus
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plasma without any clotting factors?
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Serum
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Will serum clot?
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No
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Is the fluid of the blood without the cells?
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Plasma
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will plasma clot?
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yes
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Name the 3 stages of coagulation.
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1. Prothrombin Activation
2. Prothrombin Conversion 3. Fibrin Formation |
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What happen in the first stage of clotting?
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Extrinsic Pathway (outside blood vessel)and Intrinsic Pathway (inside blood vessel)
Both Pathways end with the same product = Prothrombinase (an enzyme) Starts with the release from the damage tissue cells of a chemical called Thrombinase or Factor III. Again with the end result of the Extrinsic Pathway is the formation of Prothrombinase. Intrinsic Pathway - starts with the release of a chemical from the blood vessels wall called Hageman Factor or Factor XII |
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The Extrinsic Method or Pathway releases from the damaged tissue cells what chemical?
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Thrombinase or Factor III
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The Intrinsic Method or Pathway releases from the blood vessels what chemical?
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Hageman Factor or Factor XII
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What is the end result at the end of the first stage of clotting?
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Prothrombinase (an enzyme) is produced
(After Extrinsic and Intrinsic Pathways) |
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The second stage of clotting - what happens when Prothrombinase comes in contact with Prothrombin?
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it converts the Prothrombin into Thrombin (an enzyme)
Heparin blocks this stage as an anticoagulant |
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What else is important to clotting?
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Calcium (Factor IV) and Vit K
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The third stage of clotting - Thrombin starts to work another plasma protein called Fibrinogen or Factor I. Thrombin activates the Fibrinogen into ________ the sticky clot material.
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Fibrin
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Factor VIII is the what factor?
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Antihemophilia Factor
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The chambers that circulate blood to or from the body are?
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Systemic
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The chambers of the heart that circulate blood to or from the heart are?
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Pulmonary
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The Right Atrium is systemic or pulmonary and it ?
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Systemic/receives from body
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The Left Atrium is systemic or pulmonary and it?
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Pulmonary/receives from lungs
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The Right Ventricle is systemic or pulmonary and it?
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Pulmonary/sends blood to lungs via the Pulmonary Semilunar valve
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The Left Ventricle is systemic or pulmonary and it?
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Systemic/Sends blood to the body via the Aortic Semilunar Valve
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The Inferior Vena Cava is systemic or pulmonary and it?
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Systemic/sends blood to Right ventricle via Tricuspid Valve
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The Superior Vena Cava is systemic or pulmonary and it?
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Systemic/ sends blood to right ventricle via Tricuspid Valve
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The Coronary Sinus is systemic or Pulmonary and it?
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Systemic/sends blood to right ventricle via Tricuspid valve
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The Artery/Trunk is systemic or pulmonary and it?
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Pulmonary/sends blood to the lungs via the Aortic Semilunar Valve
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The Aorta is systemic or pulmonary and it?
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Systemic/sends blood via the Aortic Semilunar valve
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What contains the NA Node and the AV Node?
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Right Atrium
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What is the largest chamber of the heart?
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Aorta
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Is the right atrium oxy or dexoy?
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Deoxy
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Is the left atrium oxy or deoxy?
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Oxy
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Is the right ventricle oxy or deoxy?
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Deoxy
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Is the left ventricle oxy or deoxy?
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Oxy
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Are the pulmonary veins oxy or deoxy?
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Oxy
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Are the pulmonary arteries oxy or deoxy?
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Deoxy
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Is the Aorta oxy or deoxy?
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Oxy
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Is the Inferior Vena Cave, Superior Vena Cava and the Coronary Sinus oxy or deoxy?
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Deoxy
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Circulation, blood and vessels for the Right Atrium
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Systemic
Deoxy Inferior Vena Cava Coronary Sinus |
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Circulation, blood and vessels for the Left Atrium
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Pulmonary
Deoxy 4 Pulmonary Veins |
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Circulation, blood and vessels for the Right Ventricle
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Pulmonary
Deoxy Pulmonary Artery/Trunk |
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Circulation, blood and vessels for the Left Ventricle
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Systemic
Oxy Aorta |
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What does the Right Atrium do?
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Sends blood to Right Ventricle via Tricuspid Valve. Contains the SA Node and AV Node
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What does the Left Atrium do?
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Receives blood from lungs
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What does the Right Ventricle do?
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Sends blood to the body via the Aortic Semilunar Valve
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Which chamber is the largest and has the thickest Muscular wall?
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Left Ventricle
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The Heart is _____ pumps in one.
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two
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The upper Artia ?
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receives blood from the lungs (Left Atrium)
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Right Atrium =
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Systemic/receives from body/Deoxy
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Aorta =
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Systemic/pumps to body/Oxy
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Left Atrium =
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Pulmonary/receives from lungs/Oxy
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Pulmonary Artery/Trunk =
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Pulmonary/sends to lungs/Deoxy
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Inferior Vena Cava
Superior Vena Cava Coronary Sinus = |
Systemic/receives from body/Deoxy
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Pulmonary Veins =
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Pulmonary/receives from lungs/Oxy
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The sounds of the heart are due to the _______.
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valves
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Capillary =
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endothelium only
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Atreriole =
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more smooth muscle
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Veins =
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valves; mostly Deoxy
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capillary
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endothelium only
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arteroile
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more smooth muscle
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veins
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valves
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Large arteries
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Thick adventitia
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smooth muscle in Tunica Media
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Arterioles
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vales formed in Tunica Intima
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Venules and veins
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Large veins
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Superior Vena Cava
Inferior Vena Cava Pulmonary Veins |
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Lined with endothelium
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Heart
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Blood Pressure is taken via
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arteries
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Blood is drawn mostly from
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veins
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Thick Adventitia
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Large Arteries - Aorta
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Layers in blood vessels
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Tunica Adventitia - Outside
Tunica Media - Middle Tunica Intima - Innermost layer |
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Large veins are
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thick and endothelium
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first site of blood cell production
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Mesenchyme
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brings oxy blood from placenta to fetus
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umblical vein
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connects umbilical vein to the liver and inferior vena cava
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Ductus Venosus
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Hole between Atria; reduces blood to lungs in fetus since lungs are not the source of oxygen
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Foramen Ovalis
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Aorta is too small and prevents blood leaving the heart for the body
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Coarctation of of Aorta
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direct blood to placenta
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Umblical Arteries
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Reduces pulmonary circulation; septal defects,
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Tetralogy of fallot
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pulmonary semilunar valve too small
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Pulmonary Stenosis
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connects the pulmonary artery and aorta; prevents blood flow to lungs since lungs in fetus are not the source of oxygen. After birth closes to Ligamentum Arteriosum.
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Ductus Arteriosus
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failure for the Ductus Arteriosus or the Foramen Ovalis causes?
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Ventricular Septal Defects - causes mixing of oxy and deoxy blood or Patent Ductus Arteriosus - sends deoxy blood to the body.
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blood production in fetus; stops after birth and becomes major site for blood cell DESTRCTION
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Spleen and Liver
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Blood Production in fetus and adults
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Red Bone Marrow in Spongy Bone
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The fetus pumps what kind of blood back to the placenta?
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Deoxy
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Opening between left and right atria
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Foramen Ovalis
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vessel which connects the pulmonary artery and aorta. After birth this becomes the ligamentum arteriosum
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Ductus Ateriosus
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vessel which joins the umbilical vein in the liver with the inferior vena cava
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Ductus Venosus
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vessels of the iliac arteries which send blood to the placenta where oxygen and nutrients are gained.
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Umbilical Arteries
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condition in which there are small holes in the walls (septa) between the atria and ventricles
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Septal befects
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condition characterized by pulmonary senosis, ventricular septal defect, enlargment of the right ventricle, and displacement of the aorta to the right. In this condition, much of the blood does not flow through the pulmonary system.
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Tetralogy of Fallot
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narrowing of the aorta
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Coarctation of the Aorta
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produces heparin and histamine
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Basophil
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most numerous of blood cells
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erythrocytes
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granular leukocyte
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Neutrophil
Eosinophil Basophil |
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non granular leukocyte
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lymphocyte
moncyte |
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Polymorphonuclear
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Neutrophil
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Most abundant WBC
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Neutrophil
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Lymphocyts are what kind of cells?
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T-Cells
B-Cells NK-Cells |
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cell type - T-cell
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Phagocytes
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cell type - B-Cell
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antibodies
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cell type - NK-cell
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Anti-cancer
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Largest in size WBC
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Monocyte
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has a bi-lobes nucleus
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eosinophil
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forms a pre-clot plug in hemostasis
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thrombocyte
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AKA Thrombocyte
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Platelet
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Superior Vena Cava which chamber
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Right Atrium
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Pulmonary veins which chamber
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left atrium
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pulmonary artery/trunk which chamber
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right ventricle
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Aorta which chamber
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left ventricle
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Factor I =
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fibrinogin
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Factor II =
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prothrombin
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Factor III
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Thromboplastin
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Factor IV =
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Calcium
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Facor VIII =
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Antihemophiliac
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X
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thrombinokinase
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XII
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Hagemen
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cofactor for making other factors such as Factor II
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vitamin K - colon
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most abundant plasma protein/osmotic blood balance
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Albumum
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globulin that transport proteins
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alpha and beta globulin
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globulin that promotes blood clotting
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prothrombin globulin
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globulin - antibodies
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gamma globulin
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globulin - major component of blood clots
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fibrinogen
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inability of RBC's to carry oxygen
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Anemia
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Damaged bone marrow from disease, chemicla toxins or radiation, poor RBC formation
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Aplastic Anemia
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Lack of intrinsic factor
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pernicious anemia
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lack of iron in diet
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Fe Deficient Anemia
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Rupture of RBC, malaria, snake or spider bite, toxic mushrooms
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Hemolytic Anemia
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Anemias of Mediterranean area, Hb deficiency, low RBC
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Thalassemia
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RBC's collapse and change shape
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Sickle Cell Anemia
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Too many RBC
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Polycythemia
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increase in WBC due to infection
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Leykocytosis
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decrease in WBC, viral infections and toxins (As,Pb)
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Leukopenia
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Abnormal increase in WBC count
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leukemia
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increase of granular leukocytes
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Myeliod Leukemia
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Increase of A-granular leukocytes
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Lymphoid Leukemia
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death may occur in short time
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acute leukemia
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if untreated survival time is about 3 years
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Chromic Leukemia
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too few platelets
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Thrombocytopenia
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X - linked recessive - where clotting factor are not made like Factor VIII
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Hemophilia
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abnormal clotting of blood in a non damages vessel (more common in veins)
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thrombosis
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a clot that may obstruct a vessel
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Thrombus
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clot that breaks loose and travels in the blood stream
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embolus
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blocked coronary artery/heart attack
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Mycocardial infarction
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uncoordinated contractions
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fribrillation
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rapid heart rate
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tachycardia
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damage of the myocardium
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atrial flutter
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beat out of place
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ectopic beat
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occurs with hypothermia, normal with sleep
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bradycardia
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shock - decrease blood volume (hemorrhage, burns and dehydration)
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hypovolemic shock
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shock - aneurysm or tumor caused
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obstructed venous shock
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shock - venous pooling (severe anemia)
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Vascular shock
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shock - vessels dilate
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neurogenic shock
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Shock - bacterial toxins cause vasodilation
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septic shock
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immune response to allergies cause increased histamine (vasodilation) like bee sting
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anaphylactic shock
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arterial narrowing with plaque
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arherosclerosis
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deep inflammation of a vein
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phlebitis
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failure of the Ductus Arteriosus to close
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Patent ductus arteriosus
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aorta too narrow
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coarctation of aorta
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location AV node
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right atrium
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location AV node
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right atrium
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SA node bpm
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70 bpm
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SA node =
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pacemaker
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in the interventricular septum
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Bundles of His
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in ventricles
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Purkinje fibers
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location AV Node
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right atrium
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location - bundles of his
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interventricular septum
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location - punkinje fibers
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ventrical muscle
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AV node bmp
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40-60
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increase cardiac output
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tachycardia
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decreases cardiac output
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fribrillation
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decreases cardiac output
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atrial flutter
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low stroke volume and low bmp =
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decrease cardiac output
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has antigen A and no Antigen B what blood type
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A
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has antibody a but no antibody b what blood type
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B
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has RH antibody what blood type
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RH negative
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location - continuous capillary
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skin, lungs, and muscle
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location - fenestrated capillary
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kidney, intestines and endocrine glands
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location - discontinuous capillary
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liver and spleen
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AKA Discontinuous
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sinusoids
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no interruptions in the capillary wall
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continuous
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Muco-protein diaphragm over pores, good for absorption and filtering
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fenestrated
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capillary opens to the surrounding tissues
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discontinuous
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no interruptions in the capillary wall
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continuous
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system - blood vessels that connect the capillary bed of one tissue area with the capillary bed of another tissue.
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Portal system
Two portal systems; hepatic portal system and hypophyseal portal system |
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Muco-protein diaphragm over pores, good for absorption and filtering
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fenestrated
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system - connects small intestines to the liver
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Hepatic Portal system
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no interruptions in the capillary wall
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continuous
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capillary opens to the surrounding tissues
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discontinuous
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Muco-protein diaphragm over pores, good for absorption and filtering
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fenestrated
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connects the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary
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hyopphyseal portal system
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system - blood vessels that connect the capillary bed of one tissue area with the capillary bed of another tissue.
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Portal system
Two portal systems; hepatic portal system and hypophyseal portal system |
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capillary opens to the surrounding tissues
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discontinuous
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name an arteriole
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pre-capillary sphincter
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system - connects small intestines to the liver
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Hepatic Portal system
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system - blood vessels that connect the capillary bed of one tissue area with the capillary bed of another tissue.
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Portal system
Two portal systems; hepatic portal system and hypophyseal portal system |
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connects the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary
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hyopphyseal portal system
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small vein that drains the capillary bed
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venule
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name an arteriole
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pre-capillary sphincter
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name a large vein
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vena cava
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system - connects small intestines to the liver
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Hepatic Portal system
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small vein that drains the capillary bed
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venule
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are in tunica intima only
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capillary
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connects the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary
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hyopphyseal portal system
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name a large vein
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vena cava
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name an arteriole
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pre-capillary sphincter
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small vein that drains the capillary bed
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venule
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are in tunica intima only
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capillary
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name a large vein
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vena cava
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are in tunica intima only
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capillary
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decreases cardiac output
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fribrillation
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decreases cardiac output
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atrial flutter
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low stroke volume and low bmp =
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decrease cardiac output
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has antigen A and no Antigen B what blood type
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A
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has antibody a but no antibody b what blood type
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B
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has RH antibody what blood type
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RH negative
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location - continuous capillary
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skin, lungs, and muscle
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location - fenestrated capillary
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kidney, intestines and endocrine glands
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location - discontinuous capillary
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liver and spleen
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AKA Discontinuous
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sinusoids
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carries blood away from heart
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arteries
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carries blood toward the heart
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veins
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bpm atrial flutter
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200-400
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marrow stem cell that gives rise to all the marrow and circulating blood cells.
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hemocytoblast
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rise to erythtocyte
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rubriblast
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rise to lymphocyte
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lymphoblast
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rise to monocyte
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monoblast
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rise to thrombocyte
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megakaryoblast
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rise to neutrophil, eosinophil and basophil
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myeloblast
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the formation of blood cells in red bone marrow
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hematopoiesis
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the formation of erythrocytes in the bone marrow due to the hormone erythropoietin from the kidneys.
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erythropoiesis
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what hormone from the kidneys causes erythropoiesis
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erythropoietin
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Name the 3 walls the heart
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epicardium (outer)
myocardium (middle) endocardium (inner) |
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AKA epicardium
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visceral pericardium
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thickest layer of the heart and it contains cardiac muscle
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myocardium
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layer of the heart (simple squamous epithelium)
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endocardium
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heart rate is controlled by the
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ANS
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sysmathetic stimulation is because of ?
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epinephrine and norepinehpring increases heart rate.
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parasympathetic stimulation is because of ?
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acetycholine and the Vegas nerve decreases heart rate.
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partial pressure oxygenated blood: PO^2 in the lungs, Pulmonary viens and most arteries
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105 mm of Hg
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partial pressure oxygenated blood
PO^2 in the lungs, pulmonary veins and most arteries |
40 mm Hg
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Partial Pressure Dexoygenated blood
PO^2 in the tissues, pulmonary arteries and most veins |
40 mm Hg
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Partial Pressure Deoxy
PCO^2 in the tissue, pulmonary arteries and most veins |
45 mm Hg
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Normal Ph
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7.35 - 7.45
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percentage of blood cells in whole blood
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hematocrit
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normal hematocrit in men and women
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female 37-48%
man 45-54% |
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normal hemoglobin in men and women
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female 12-16 g/dl
male 13-18 g/dl |
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enxyme which dissolves clots and inactivates the clotting factors.
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fibrinolysin or plasmin
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AKA Fibrinolysin
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plasmin
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anticoagulant produced by basophil cells in the blood and mast cells in the tissues. Blocks the conversion of prothrombin.
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heparin
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vasodilator produced by basophil
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histamine
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vasoconstrictor produced by thrombocytes
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sertonin
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the amount of blood pumped by the heart in one minute.
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Cardiac output
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the amount of blood ejected from the heart per beat.
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stroke volume
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Stroke Volume X Beats Per Minute = Cardiac Output
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(70 ml) X (70 bpm) = 4900 ml/minute or about 5 liters
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graph of the electrical activity of the heart
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EKG/ECG
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the more the ventricles are stretched during diastole the more the ventricles will eject from the heart during systole
More in = More out |
Starling's Law of the Heart
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rapidly fatal if not reversed by defibrillation
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ventricular fibrillation
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high blood pressure
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above 140/85 mm of Hg
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decrease in blood volume due to fluid loss or vasodilation
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shock
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