A + P I Lecture Exam #5

Front 1

main function of the NS

Back 1

controls and coordinate all other systems of the body

Front 2

Other functions of the NS (5)

Back 2

-must be able to SENSE environmental stimuli

-RESPOND to environmental stimuli by transmitting sensory info to the CNS from the Periphery (anything outside of the CNS)

-integrate/process incoming sensory info and decides what to do w/ that info

-command muscles/glands to respond to the environmental stimuli

*Helps maintain homeostasis

Front 3

components of the NS (5)

Back 3

-brain

-spinal cord

-cranial nerves

-spinal nerves

-ganglia

Front 4

ganglia:

Back 4

soma-rich collections in the PNS

Front 5

nerves:

Back 5

bundles of axons in the PNS that enable the body to bring in info and send out motor info

Front 6

the NS is organized into what two parts?

Back 6

-Central Nervous System (CNS)

-Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Front 7

The CNS is organized into what 2 main organs?

Back 7

-brain

-spinal cord

Front 8

the PNS is organized into what two systems?

Back 8

-Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

-Somatic Nervous System

Front 9

main function of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

Back 9

controls smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands

Front 10

main function of the Somatic Nervous System

Back 10

to command/control skeletal muscles

Front 11

the ANS can be subdivided into what three classifications?

Back 11

-sympathetic

-parasympathetic

-enteric

Front 12

Another name for the sympathetic nervous system is:

Back 12

"Thoracolumbar Division"

Front 13

Why is the Sympathetic nervous system aka the "Thoracolumbar Division"?

Back 13

Because it originates from autonomic motor neurons in lateral horn of the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord

Front 14

2 things about the Sympathetic Nervous System

Back 14

-known as "fight or flight"

-functions to prep body to respond to stressful stimuli (except the digestive system) by increasing activity of smooth/cardiac muscles and glands

Front 15

3 things about the Parasympathetic NS

Back 15

-aka "Rest and Digest" subdivision of the ANS

-tend to decrease to resting conditions (activity of smooth/cardiac muscles and glands)

-However, this system tends to increase activity of smooth muscles and glands in the digestive system

Front 16

the Parasympathetic NS is also known as:

Back 16

the "Craniosacral Division" because it originates from brainstem nuclei and the sacral region of spinal cord--contains cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and ganglia

Front 17

3 things about the Enteric system

Back 17

-the subdivision of the ANS that is a collection of neurons confined to organs of the gastrointestinal tract walls

-controls smooth muscle contractions of organs w/ lumens in the GI tract in digestive system

Front 18

Nervous tissue:

Back 18

electrically excitable tissue that can generate electrical signals (action potentials)

Front 19

cellular composition of nervous tissue: (3)

Back 19

-neurons ("nerve cells")

-glial cells

-sensory receptor cells

Front 20

Neurons:

Back 20

aka "nerve cells"; the basic unit and structure of the NS that generates action potentials and commands the other parts of the NS

Front 21

3 classifications of neurons (functional)

Back 21

-sensory neurons

-interneurons

-motor neurons

Front 22

sensory neurons function

Back 22

transmit sensory info from periphery towards the CNS

Front 23

3 functions of the interneurons

Back 23

-integrate and process all incoming sensory info

-decide what to do w/ all this info

-tell motor neurons how to respond

Front 24

function of the motor neurons

Back 24

command muscle/glands when to contract/secrete--send signals from the CNS to muscles and glands

Front 25

glial cells:

Back 25

supporting cells of nervous tissue; neurons can't function properly w/out glial cells

Front 26

2 classes of glial cells

Back 26

-CNS glia

-PNS glia

Front 27

4 types of CNS glia

Back 27

-astrocytes

-oligodendrocytes

-ependymal cells

-microglial cells

Front 28

astrocytes:

Back 28

type of CNS glia cell that have many diverse functions, including control of the chemical environment around neurons

Front 29

oligodendrocytes:

Back 29

type of CNS glia cell that is associated closely w/ axons of neurons in the CNS that function to form myelin of axons in the CNS

Front 30

3 functions of the ependymal cell

Back 30

type of CNS glia cell that:

-synthesizes and secretes cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) into the brain ventricles

-central canal of the spinal cord

-lines the brain and spinal cord

Front 31

microglial cells:

Back 31

type of CNS glial cells that are "resident immune cells" of the CNS; detect/destroy infectious agents that made it to the CNS

Front 32

myelin...

Back 32

increases the speed w/ which action potentials travel along an axon

Front 33

2 types of PNS glia

Back 33

-Schwann cells

-satellite cells

Front 34

Schwann cells:

Back 34

-type of PNS glia that form myelin sheaths on axons in the PNS

-increase rate w/ which axons in PNS transmit info similar to function of oligodendrocytes

Front 35

satellite cells:

Back 35

-type of PNS glial cells that surround the soma (cell body) of neurons in the PNS

-protect soma of neurons in the PNS

Front 36

function of sensory receptors:

Back 36

detect environmental stimuli

Front 37

All neurons have 3 main regions in common:

Back 37

-cell body / soma / perikaryon

-axon

-dendrites

Front 38

cell body / soma / perikaryon:

Back 38

-the region surrounding the nucleus, where the nucleus is located

-where most of the activity is going on (protein synthesis, etc.)

-functions to receive incoming info

Front 39

Axon:

Back 39

-1 thin extension from the soma. Neurons have 1 axon.

-where action potentials are conducted away from soma towards axon channels

-this is why neurons can be 1+ meters long

-function to conduct info away from the soma to other neurons, muscle cells, endocrine and exocrine glands

Front 40

Axon:

Back 40

-higher the frequency of action potential--stronger the stimulus

-most axons in NS are surrounded by myelin

Front 41

myelin surrounding axons in the PNS are...

Back 41

Schwann cells

Front 42

Hillock:

Back 42

region of neuron in b/w the axon and the soma; where action potentials are generated

Front 43

Axon terminals:

Back 43

located at the end of axons (branches)

-enables one neuron to influence many cells (neurons, muscles, glands)

Front 44

neurotransmitters:

Back 44

chemical messenger molecules that function to transmit info from one neuron to muscle/glandular cell or other neuron

Front 45

synapse:

Back 45

the region where neuron and other cell meets; also where neurotransmitters are released to execute their function

Front 46

what two ions control neurotransmitter release thru cytoplasm of axons?

Back 46

-Potassium ions

-Sodium ions

Front 47

what role do Calcium ions play w neurotransmitters?

Back 47

Calcium ions' movement into axon terminal leads to the release of neurotransmitters into the synapse

Front 48

spinal cord is located in the...

Back 48

spinal cavity, made up of vertebrae

Front 49

2 things about the spinal cord

Back 49

-major communication link b/w the brain and the PNS (spinal nerves)

-participates in the integration of incoming info and produces responses thru reflex mechanisms (w/out the brain)

Front 50

the spinal cord gives rise to how many pairs of spinal nerves (bundles of axons in the PNS) ?

Back 50

31 pairs

Front 51

reflex mechanisms:

Back 51

-immediate involuntary response to potentially threatening stimuli (threat to homeostasis)

-proof that spinal cord is able to make decisions/commands w/out the brain

Front 52

function of the meninges

Back 52

protects the spinal cord and brain

Front 53

three layers of the meninges

Back 53

from superficial to deep:

-dura mater (thickest, most protective layer)

-arachnoid mater (closely attached to dura mater)

-pia mater (thin layer adheres closely to spinal cord/brain)

Front 54

epidural space:

Back 54

region b/w periosteum of vertebral canal and the dura mater

Front 55

subarachnoid space:

Back 55

region b/w dura mater and arachnoid mater

Front 56

the layers starting from the spinal cord out superficially:

Back 56

spinal cord - meninges - fat - vertebrae

Front 57

Spinal cord is organized into what 2 main regions?

Back 57

-white matter (peripheral)

-grey matter (central)

Front 58

white matter of the spinal cord is composed of...

Back 58

myelinated axons that are organized into tracts

Front 59

tracts (of the CNS):

Back 59

bundles of axons in the CNS

Front 60

Nerves : PNS :: _________ : CNS ?

Back 60

tracts

Front 61

2 kinds of tracts (of the CNS)

Back 61

-sensory tracts (carry info to the brain)

-motor tracts (carry info away from the brain to muscles and glands)

Front 62

grey matter (of the spinal cord):

Back 62

-soma/cell body rich center

-organized into 3 horns

Front 63

3 horns of grey matter (of the spinal cord)

Back 63

-doral horn (top)

-lateral horn (middle)

-ventral horn (bottom)

Front 64

dorsal horn:

Back 64

-located in grey matter of the spinal cord

-where sensory axons enter the spinal cord

-interneurons are found here

Front 65

lateral horn:

Back 65

-located in grey matter of the spinal cord

-autonomic motor neurons found here--send signals out to smooth, cardiac muscles and glands

Front 66

ventral horn

Back 66

-located in grey matter of the spinal cord

-composed of somatic motor neurons--control skeletal muscles

Front 67

central canal:

Back 67

located in the center of grey matter of the spinal cord, filled with CSF

Front 68

spinal nerves:

Back 68

-bundled axons in the PNS

-31 pairs (all are "mixed" w sensory and motor)

-control specific regions of the body

Front 69

the brain is located in what?

Back 69

cranial cavity

Front 70

the brain is divided into what 4 regions?

Back 70

-brainstem

-cerebellum

-diencephalon

-cerebrum (divided into hemispheres)

Front 71

the brain (like the spinal cord) has white and grey matter except the brain's grey matter...

Back 71

is more peripheral and forms the cortex or "brain nuclei"

Front 72

Cortex (of the grey matter of the brain):

Back 72

outer mm of brain tissue composed of primarily neurons

Front 73

once info reaches the cortex of the brain...

Back 73

it is now conscious/aware of any stimulus

Front 74

brain nuclei (grey matter):

Back 74

cluster of cell bodies

Front 75

white matter of the brain:

Back 75

more centrally located than in the spinal cord, but still very similar to white matter of the spinal cord

Front 76

the brainstem consists of what 4 regions?

Back 76

-medulla oblongata

-pons

-midbrain

-reticular formation

Front 77

3 things about the brainstem

Back 77

-connects spinal cord and cerebellum to the remainder of the brain

-10/12 pairs of cranial nerves are here

-controls the heart and lungs and other very important parts of the body--aka "primitive brain". the tiniest damage to this can cause death.

Front 78

functions of the medulla oblongata (brainstem)

Back 78

regulates:

-heart

-blood vessels

-breathing

-swallowing

-vomiting

-balance and coordination

Front 79

functions of the pons (brainstem)

Back 79

-connects the cerebrum and the cerebellum

-breathing

-swallowing

-balance

-chewing

-salivation

Front 80

function of the midbrain (brainstem)

Back 80

regulates body movements

Front 81

function of the reticular formation (brainstem)

Back 81

-breathing

-walking

-chewing

-maintains consciousness

-sleep-wake cycle

Front 82

functions of the cerebellum

Back 82

-balance and equilibrium

-eye movement

-posture, locomotion

-fine motor coordination

-learning of complex movements

Front 83

the Diencephalon region of the brain contains...

Back 83

-thalamus

-hypothalamus

-subthalamus

-epithalamus

Front 84

the Diencephalon contains the Thalamus and is known as...

Back 84

-the major sensory integration center in the brain

-primary sleep integration center of the brain

-all sensory info that goes to the cerebrum is first processed and integrated here

Front 85

the cortex of the cerebrum is folded into ridges and grooves called:

Back 85

gyri= ridges

sulci= grooves

Front 86

the longitudinal fissure divides the cerebrum into:

Back 86

left and right hemispheres

Front 87

each hemisphere of the cerebrum has what 5 lobes?

Back 87

-frontal

-parietal

-occipital

-tempora

-insula (located deeper in the brain)

Front 88

brain ventricles:

Back 88

cavities in the brain filled w/ CSF made appendible cells lining the ventricles

Front 89

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF):

Back 89

-produced from the blood in each ventricle by ependymal cells

Front 90

how many pairs of cranial nerves are there?

Back 90

12 pairs

Front 91

Cranial nerves come in pairs of...

Back 91

either both sensory, both motor, or mixed