A & P I: Ch. 8

Front 1

What are the 3 functional categories and the definition of that classification?

Back 1

1) synarthrosis - no movement
2) amphiarthrosis - little movement
3) diarthrosis - free movement
* synarthrotic and amphiarthrotic joints are relatively simple in structure and direct connections btwn bones whereas diarthrotic is complex but permits greatest range of motion

Front 2

What are the 4 types of synarthrotic joints?

Back 2

1) fibrous suture - suture btwn bones of the skull
2) gomphosis - binds teeth to bony sockets in maxillae and mandible
3) cartilaginous synchondrosis - rigid cartilaginous bridge btwn 2 articulating bones -> e.g. btwn ends of 1st pair of vertebrosternal ribs and sternum
4) bony fusion synostosis - totally rigid immovable joint created when 2 bones fuse and boundary btwn them disappears -> e.g. epiphyseal lines of long bones

Front 3

What are the 2 types of amphiarthrotic joints?

Back 3

1) fibrous syndesmosis - connected by a ligament -> e.g. distal articulation between the tibia and fibula
2) cartilaginous symphysis - articulating bones are separated by a wedge or pad of fibrous cartilage -> e.g. pubic symphysis

Front 4

What are the components of synovial joints?

Back 4

- articular cartilages
- synovial fluid
- joint capsule

Front 5

What are the functions of synovial fluid?

Back 5

- lubrication - reduces friction between moving surfaces
- nutrient distribution - provide nutrients and oxygen as well as waste disposal for chondrocytes of articular cartilages
- shock absorption - distributes compression forces across articular surfaces & outward to joint capsule

Front 6

What are the accessory structures of synovial joints?

Back 6

- bursa
- meniscus
- fat pads
- ligaments
- tendons

Front 7

accessory structures of synovial joints:
What is a bursa? Where is it located? What purpose does it serve?

Back 7

small pocket filled w synovial fluid
often forms in areas where tendon or ligament rubs against other tissues - e.g. shoulder, knee, hip & elbow
reduces friction and shock absorber

Front 8

accessory structures of synovial joints:
What is a fat pad? What does it do?

Back 8

adipose tissue covered by a synovial membrane
protect articular cartilages
act as packing material for joint

Front 9

accessory structures of synovial joints:
What is the meniscus? What does it do?

Back 9

pad of fibrous cartilage between bones of synovial joint
may subdivide joint cavity & affect fluid flow or allow variations in shapes of articular surfaces
* unique to the knee - provides stability to the knee for lateral movement

Front 10

What is the purpose of an accessory ligament? What are the types of ligaments in the knee?

Back 10

- support, strengthen and reinforce joint
- intrinsic ligaments -> localized thickening of joint capsule (cruciate ligaments of the knee)
- extrinsic ligaments -> separate from joint capsule, may pass inside or outside the joint capsule -> e.g. patellar ligament

Front 11

What is dislocation (luxation)?

Back 11

- movement beyond normal range of motion
- articulating surfaces are forced out of position
- can damage joint structures
- no pain from inside joint but from nerves or surrounding structures
- more common in a diarthrotic joint (esp. the shoulder)

Front 12

What is subluxation?

Back 12

a partial dislocation

Front 13

What are the types of motion permitted at synovial joints?

Back 13

- gliding: movement along two axes in one plane
- angular motion: movement along two axes in one plane with additional change in angle
- circumduction: proximal end of bone remains fixed while distal end can move in a circle
- rotation: bone ends remain fixed and shaft rotates

Front 14

What is flexion?

Back 14

- usually applied to movements of long bones of limbs but also axial skeleton
- anterior/posterior movement that reduces angle between articulating elements

Front 15

What is lateral flexion?

Back 15

vertebral column bending to the side

Front 16

What is dorsiflexion?

Back 16

Flexion at ankle joint and eleveation of sole

Front 17

What is plantarflexion?

Back 17

extension at ankle joint and elevation of heel (e.g. when you point your toes)

Front 18

What is extension?

Back 18

- usually applied to movements of long bones of limbs but also axial skeleton
- anterior/posterior movement that increases angle between articulating elements
- for the most part when the body is in anatomical position it is considered extended

Front 19

What is hyperextension?

Back 19

extension past anatomical position

Front 20

Abduction and Adduction always refer to movements of the ______ skeleton, not the _______ skeleton.
Movements are usually ______ or ________ from the body midline

Back 20

appendicular, not the axial
toward or away

Front 21

What is abduction?

Back 21

movement away from body longitudinal axis in frontal plane

Front 22

What is adduction?

Back 22

movement toward body longitudinal axis in frontal plane

Front 23

When rotation is applied to the trunk, how is it described?

Back 23

left and right rotation

Front 24

When roatation is applied to limbs, how is it described?

Back 24

- medial rotation (internal/inward): anterior surface of limb toward trunk
- lateral rotation (external/outward): anterior surface of limb away from trunk

Front 25

What are the special terms used for the rotation of the forearm? How do you describe these terms?

Back 25

Pronation
- proximal end of radius rotates near ulna while the distal end rolls across anterior ulnar surface -> turns the wrist and hand from palm facing front to palm facing back

Supination
- opposing movement
- palm is turned anteriorly

Front 26

What is an opposition movement?

Back 26

movement of thumb toward palm surface or other fingers

Front 27

What is a protraction movement?

Back 27

movement forward in anterior plane

Front 28

What is a retraction movement?

Back 28

reverse of protraction - movement backward in anterior plane

Front 29

What is inversion?

Back 29

twisting foot motion to turn sole inward

Front 30

What is eversion?

Back 30

opposing movement to inversion - turns sole of foot outward

Front 31

What is a depression movement?

Back 31

movement inferiorly

Front 32

What is an elevation movement?

Back 32

movement superiorly

Front 33

How would you describe axial skeleton articulations?

Back 33

typically strong but there's very little movement

Front 34

How would you describe appendicular skeleton articulations?

Back 34

typically have an extensive range of motion and are often weaker than axial articulations

Front 35

Between the superior and inferior articular processes (facets) of adjacent vertebrae, what kind of joint exists?

Back 35

- gliding diarthrotic joints which permit flexion and rotation

Front 36

What kind of joint forms between adjacent vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs?

Back 36

amphiarthrotic symphyseal cartilaginous joints

Front 37

What is the composition of the intervertebral discs?

Back 37

- Anulus fibrosis: tough outer layer of fibrous cartilage, collagen fibers attach to adjacent vertebrae
- nucleus pulposus: soft, elastic, gelatinous core which provides resiliency and shock absorption
* accounts for 1/4 length of vertebral column

Front 38

What are the 5 primary vertebral ligaments?

Back 38

1) Ligamentum flavum - connects adjacent vertebral laminae
2) Posterior longitudinal ligament - connects posterior surfaces of adjacent vertebral bodies
3) Interspinous ligament - connects spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae
4) Supraspinous ligament - connects spinous processes
5) Anterior longitudinal ligament - connects anterior surfaces of adjacent vertebral bodies

Front 39

What is a slipped disc?

Back 39

- posterior longitudinal ligaments weaken causing more pressure on discs
- nucleus pulposus compresses which distorts anulus fibrosis, the disc then bulges into vertebral canal

Front 40

What is a herniated disc?

Back 40

- nucleus pulposus breaks thru anulus fibrosus -> often times the spinal nerves are often affected

Front 41

What is osteopenia?

Back 41

inadequate ossification leading to loss of bone mass

Front 42

What is osteoporosis?

Back 42

bone loss sufficient to affect normal function

Front 43

Which joint has the greatest range of motion of any joint, is the most frequently dislocated and is a ball-and-socket diarthrosis?

Back 43

Shoulder joint (glenohumeral joint)

Front 44

What provides the stability for the glenohumeral joint?

Back 44

provided by surrounding skeletal muscles, associated tendons and various ligaments

Front 45

What forms the "ball" and "socket" of the glenohumeral joint?

Back 45

head of the humerus and glenoid cavity of the scapula
* glenoid labrum (fibrous-cartilage) increases the socket of the glenoid cavity

Front 46

What are the 5 main ligaments stabilizing the shoulder joint (glenohumeral joint)?

Back 46

1) glenohumeral ligaments
2) acromioclavicular ligament
3) Coraco-acromial ligament
4) Coracohumeral ligament
5) Coracoclavicular ligaments

Front 47

Which joint is a sturdy ball-and-socket dairthrosis joint?

Back 47

Hip joint

Front 48

What forms the hip joint?

Back 48

head of the femur and acetabulum of hip bone
* acetabular labrum(fibrous cartilage) that increases the rim of the acetabulum

Front 49

What are the 5 primary ligaments of the hip joint?

Back 49

1) Ligamentum teres (ligament of the femoral head)
2) Iliofemoral ligament
3) Pubofemoral ligament
4) Ischiofemoral ligament
5) Transverse acetabular ligament (crosses acetabular notch, filling gap in inferior border)

Front 50

What type of synovial joint is the elbow joint? Which bones does it involve?

Back 50

Hinge Joint
involves humerus, radius and ulna

Front 51

What makes the elbow joint extremely strong?

Back 51

- bony surfaces of humerus and ulna interlock
- single, thick articular capsule surrounds both humero-ulnar and proximal radio-ulnar joints
- articular capsule is reinforced by strong ligaments
* severe stresses can still produce dislocations or other injuries (e.g. nursemaid's elbow in children)

Front 52

What are the 2 joints of the elbow?

Back 52

1) Humeroradial joint - humerus articulating w head of radius
2) Humero-ulnar joint - largest and strongest articulation, -

-trochlea of humerus articulates w trochlear notch of ulna
-shape of ulnar notch determines plane of movement

* proximal radio-ulnar joint is NOT part of the elbow joint -> it is for supination/pronation

Front 53

What are the three major reinforcing ligaments of the elbow joint?

Back 53

1) radial collateral ligament - stabilizes lateral surfaces of the joint
2) ulnar collateral ligament - stabilizes medial surface of joint
3) annular ligament - binds head of radius to ulna

Front 54

What are the three articulations of the knee joint?

Back 54

1) medial condyle of tibia to medial condyle of femur
2) lateral condyle of tibia to lateral condyle of femur
3) patella and patellar surface of femur

Front 55

What type of movement does the knee joint permit?

Back 55

flexion, extension and very limited rotation

Front 56

Which 5 primary tendons and ligaments provide external support to the knee joint?

Back 56

1) Quadriceps tendon to patella (continues as patellar ligament to anterior tibia)
2) tendons of several muscles that attach to femur and tibia
3) Fibular collateral ligament - lateral support
4) Tibial collateral ligament - medial support
5) Popliteal ligaments - posterior support extending btwn femur and heads of tibia and fibula

Front 57

What three things make up the internal support of the knee joint?

Back 57

1) Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
2) Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)

these two limit anterior/posterior movement of femur and maintain alignment of condyles

3) Medial and lateral menisci - fibrous cartilage pads between tibial and femoral condyles -> act as cushions and provide lateral stability to joint