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289 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Diabetes insipidus |
Under production of ADH |
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Pituitary gland |
Master gland |
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Graves disease |
Hyperthyroidism autoimmune attack on thyroid |
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Hashimoto's disease |
Immune attack on thyroid |
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Goiter |
Enlargement of thyroid, hypothyroidism |
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Diabetes |
Abnormally high blood glucose, hyperglycemia |
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Addison's disease |
Deficiency of adrenal corticosteroids, autoimmune attack on adrenal cortex |
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Chronic stress |
Cortisol |
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Negative feedback |
Back to set point |
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Anterior pituitary |
Prolactin, responsible for lactation, milk production |
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Acromegaly |
Too much growth hormone |
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TSH |
Produced by anterior pituitary |
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T3 |
Controls metabolism |
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Pituitary Gland
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ADH (antidiuretic hormone)-cuts down urination |
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Vertebrae Facts |
(in this order) Cervical-7 / / Thoracic-12 / / Lumbar(lumbar)-5 / / Sacrum / / Coccyx |
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Anabolism
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builds molecules
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Electrons
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subatomic particles responsible for chemical behavior of atoms
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hypochondriac
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epigastric |
abdominal region located superior to umbilical region |
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Dorsal cavity |
houses the brain and spinal cord |
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ion |
charged molecule (ex. electrolytes) |
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abdominopelvic cavity |
houses the digestive organs |
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DNA |
nucleic acid |
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polar covalent |
molecule w/ slight charge |
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sodium chloride/carbon dioxide |
not a biological molecule |
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biological molecules |
proteins, carbs, fats & nucleic acids. carbon is found in each. |
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ATP |
provides energy to cells |
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concentration
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the amount of substance dissolved in a liquid |
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solute
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the substance being dissolved |
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solvent |
the liquid something is being dissolved in
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peptide bonds |
protein made up of amino acids |
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exacerbation
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acute flare up |
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remission
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when the disease comes back |
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nucleic acids |
molecules that form the genetic material of cells |
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isotopes
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differ in the number of neutrons |
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binary fission |
the process that prokaryotic cells are reproduced through |
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nucleus
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-protein synthesis (building) |
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enzymes
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proteins that speed up the process |
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prokaryotic cells |
bacterial cells, no nucleus or organelles, still has DNA |
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Cytoplasm
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watery solution of organic proteins and inorganic minerals and gases that is enclosed in the cell membrane
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Golgi Apparatus
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packaging and processing of proteins |
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ATP (energy) |
produced during cellular respiration |
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Flagella |
sperm cell |
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Ribosomes |
where proteins are made. organelles found on the endoplasmic reticulum or floating around the cytoplasm |
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cilia |
hair like projections found on the cell surface |
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enzymatic reactions |
causes catalysis (break down) reactions |
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meiosis |
cell division resulting in production of gametes |
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gametes |
produces eggs and sperm |
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prophase |
the nucleus disappears during this phase, chromosomes become visible and centrioles move towards the sides of the cell |
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metaphase |
chromosomes are in the center/middle of the cell |
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PMAT (order of mitosis) |
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telephase |
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anaphase
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the chromosomes split, and the spindles pull apart |
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telophase
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the chromosomes go to the far end of the cell, the spindle disappears and the nuclei reappear |
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interphase |
cell performs normal functions |
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skeletal muscle
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striated and voluntary |
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compact
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dense hard bone that forms the shafts of long bones |
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sternum
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flat bone |
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main transport system of the body |
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osteocyte
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cell type that is the mature bone cell
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osteoclast
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breaks bone down |
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osteoblast |
builds bone |
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neuron |
cell that conducts information |
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synovial |
membrane that is associated with connective tissue |
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epithelial tissue |
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serous membrane
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don't open to outside |
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mucous membrane
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opens to the outside |
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transitional |
epithelial tissue that is stretchy and variably shaped |
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stratified |
arranged in layers |
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visceral |
membrane that wraps around the outside of an organ (serous membrane) |
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Serous Membrane
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consists of the visceral and parietal membranes |
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bursa |
small sac containing synovial fluid |
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connective
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most common tissue in the body; blood and lymph |
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tendons |
cordlike structures that attach bone to muscle |
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ligaments
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bone to bone |
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larynx (voice box) |
not an organ of the digestive system |
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gliding |
joint found in wrists and ankles |
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axon |
information transported away from a nerve cell body |
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septicemia |
condition characterized by having a pathogen in the blood |
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mucous |
membranes that line the digestive tract |
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digestive tract |
starts at mouth and ends at anus |
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red marrow |
site of hemopoiesis |
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break down bone |
cell type that has the main role to break down bone |
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medullary canal |
hollow region in long bone |
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foramen |
passageway through a bone |
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sarcomere |
functional unit of a muscle fiber
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fascicle |
makes whole muscle |
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warts |
caused by papilloma virus |
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masseter |
muscle attached to the mandible |
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origin |
end of the muscle attached to stationary bone |
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myopathy
|
muscle disease |
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cardiac
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muscle type that contains intercalated discs. involuntary. striated. |
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sphincter
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doughnut shaped ring, dig
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point of insertion
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attached to movable bone
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zoster
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shingles caused by herpes |
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acetylcholine
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neurochemical transmitter responsible for muscle contraction
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epimysium (first layer)
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surrounds whole muscle
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perimysiums
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surrounds group of fascicles |
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endomysium
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surrounds each individual fascicle |
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basal cell carcinoma |
least malignant and most common skin cancer |
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jock itch |
known as tinea (fungus) cruris |
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abbrasion |
condition characterized by the mechanical removal of skin tissue
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eczema |
skin inflammation with redness, vesicles, scales, crusting and pustules |
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dermis |
middle layer, true skin |
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transdermal |
nicotine patches are an example, across the skin |
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Vitamin D |
vitamin helps body utilize calcium and phosphorus |
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calcium
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released from sarcoplasmic reticulum when muscle is stimulated |
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4th degree burn
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penetrates all the way to bone |
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thigh |
biceps femoris |
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basale |
splinter penetrates to the deepest layer of the epidermis or stratum |
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smooth muscle |
involved in moving food along the digestive tract |
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eccrine glands |
help regulate body temperature
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apocrine glands
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puberty |
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vasodilation
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increase in the diameter of a blood vessel |
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myosin and actin
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form crossbridges. myosin thick, actin thin. |
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agonist
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primary movers |
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antagonist
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opposite of agonist |
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synergist |
helps to assist agonist |
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adduction |
toward midline |
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1st degree burn |
sunburn |
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diaphragm |
both voluntary and involuntary
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skin does not function
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synthesizing red blood cells (happens in bone)
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sternoclydomastoid
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responsible for flexing and rotating the head |
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stratum corneum
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outermost layer of skin composed largely of dead cells |
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melanin |
gives skin normal color
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melatonin
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from pineal gland, responsible for day and night knowledge
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muscle fiber (muscle cell)
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elongated muscle
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sprain |
muscle injury caused by overstretching |
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osteomyletis
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not a neuromuscular disease
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ATP
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provides energy for muscle contraction |
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diabetes mellitus |
when the body is not producing adequate amounts of insulin
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Saliva |
this substance is not increased when non-epinephrine and epinephrine are released into the bloostream |
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oxytocin
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Insufficient substance that causes contractions of the uterus to stop when a woman is in labor |
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diabetes insipidus |
caused by a deficiency in the release of vasopressin (ADH) by the posterior pituitary gland |
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acromegaly
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caused by hyper-secretion of the growth hormone |
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iodine |
required in the diet for normal thyroid function |
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Ducts |
where exocrine organs secrete their products into |
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Pancreas glan |
important in regulating the blood glucose |
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thyroid gland |
produces thyroxin & triodothyronine, hormones necessary for cell metabolism |
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anterior pituitary |
a stature disorder of the endocrine gland in which the body produces either too much or too little growth hormone |
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Pituitary gland
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"master gland." divided into anterior and posterior segment. apart of the diencephalon. |
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ADH (antidiuretic homone)
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pituitary hormone that is responsible for decreased urination |
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Hormones
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-chemical messengers released directly into the bloodstream -has the ability to affect cells for hours/days |
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hypothalamus |
resets person's temperature when experiencing a fever |
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set point
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standard level that is necessary to maintain the body's homeostasis |
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steroids |
specific type of hormone that has the ability to interact with the cell's DNA |
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cerebrovascular accident |
caused by the lack of blood flow to a portion of the brain |
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transient ischemic attack
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mini stroke with temporary, minor symptoms that may occur prior to a major stroke
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meningitis |
infection from virus or bacteria that causes inflammation of the membranes surrounding the CNS |
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Parkinson's Disease |
characterized in part by a resting tremor (rhymic shaking). caused by the loss of dopamine neurons. |
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multiple sclerosis |
medical disorder in which the myelin in the CNS has been destroyed |
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hematoma |
pool of blood between layers of the meninges nd the skull |
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epinephrine |
hormones controlled by the nervous system |
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hypothalmus |
effectively controls the pituitary gland |
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microglia |
gia cell that attacks microbes an removes debris
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corpus callosum
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allows communication between the right and left brain |
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plexuses
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branching patterns of spinal nerves extending from the cervical lumbar and sacral regions of the spinal cord |
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parasympathetic |
resting and digesting division of the autonomic nervous system |
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subdural hematoma
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between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater |
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medulla obongata
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controls the heartbeat, breathing, and blood pressure |
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pia |
the third, innermost layer of the meninges |
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depolarized
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a neuron which is more positively charged than it is when resting |
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oligodendrocytes |
produces the lipid insulation, myelin and causes impulses to be conducted more rapidly
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A
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Frontal Lobe of the cerebrum
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B
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parietal lobe of the cerebrum
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C
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temporal lobe of the cerebrum
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D
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Occipital lobe of the cerebrum
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E
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cerebellum
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F
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brainstem
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limbic system |
involved in the control of emotion and mood |
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A.
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Dendrites
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D/E
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cell body |
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C
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ends of the axon |
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F/G
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Myelin sheath |
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H
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node of ranvier |
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Muscle tissue
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-can contract and relax -cardiac |
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Connective tissue
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-bone & ligament -blood -cartilage |
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Epithelial tissue |
ciliated columnar |
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Nervous tissue
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brain and spinal cord |
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Cardiovascular system |
-houses the heart and blood vessels |
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Reproductive system |
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Endocrine system |
-secretes hormones from and to pancreas, pituitary/thyroid/adrenal glands, testes & ovaries -regulates body processes |
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Muscular System |
provides the forces that produces body movements -helps maintain body temperature -tendons |
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Skeletal system
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-supports the body -enables movement |
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Urinary System
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removes waste products from the blood |
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Lymphatic/Immune System |
-transports clean fluids back to blood, drains excess fluids from tissues, removes debris from cells |
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Integumentary system |
-encloses internal body organs -site of many sensory receptors |
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Digestive system |
breaks down food particles into a size that can be absorbed |
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Respiratory system |
facilitates intake and output of air and exchange of gases between blood and air; releases waste gases |
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Nervous System
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-activates body responses |
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Circulatory system
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transports oxygen, nutrients, and other substances to ls and carries away wastes
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peptide (protein) bond
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occurs when amino acids (monomers) bond together |
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facilitated diffusion |
the type of membrane transport that requires a carrier molecule |
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solute |
substance dissolved in a liquid |
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exocytosis |
transporting substances out of cells |
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mitochondria |
provides power (ATP) for cell processes |
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Meiosis
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produces gametes, responsible for producing eggs and sperm |
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gametes
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sex cells |
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mitosis
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cellular reproduction (cell division), the process of making a new cell |
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Nosocomial |
An infectious disease tou acquire while in a medical facility |
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Idiopathic disease |
The name of a disease whose cause cannot be determined |
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Epidemiology |
Study of transmission, frequency of occurrence, distribution and control of a disease. |
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Communicable disease |
Can be spread from person to person or from insect to person |
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Endemic |
A disease that is continually present within a specific population or region |
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Epidemic |
A disease that suddenly occurs in large numbers over a specific region |
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Pandemic |
When a disease spreads country or worldwide. |
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Vital signs |
Pulse (heart rate), blood pressure, body temperature & respiratory rate |
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Syndrome |
The specific grouping of signs and symptoms related to a specific disease |
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Prognosis |
The prediction of the outcome pf a disease |
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Vector borne transmission |
The organism is carried by an insect or other animal |
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Thoracic cavity |
Heart, lungs, and large blood vessels. |
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Pericardial cavity |
The heart only |
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Abdominopelvic cavity |
Digestive organs: stomach, liver, intestines, gallbladder, pancreas, and spleen in the upper portion. |
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Pelvic cavity |
Contains the urinary & reproductive organs & the last part of the large intestine. |
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Dorsal cavity |
Cranial cavity (Brain) & spinal cavity (spinal cord) |
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Body regions ( 1st row from L to R) |
Right hypochondriac | epigastric | left hypochondriac |
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Body regions ( 2nd row from L to R) |
Right lumbar | umbilical | left lumbar |
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Body regions ( 3rd row from L to R) |
Right iliac | hypogastric | left iliac |
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Location of appendix |
RLQ- right lower quadrant |
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Covalent bond |
When electrons are shared by atoms |
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Polar covalent bond |
When one atom takes more than its share of the shared electrons |
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Hydrophyllic |
Water loving |
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Solution |
When one substance is dissolved in another |
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Solute |
The substance being dissolved |
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Solvent |
The substance doing the dissolving (usually water) |
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Concentration |
The amount of solute dissolved in a solvent |
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Cellular respiration |
When glucose is combined w/ oxygen & is transformed into ur mitochondria into ATP. |
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Passive transport |
Diffusion, osmosis, filtration, facilitated diffusion |
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Active/passive transport |
The movement of materials across the membrane |
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Passive teansport |
Requires no extra energy to complete |
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Diffusion |
Most common means of passive trasport. A substance of higher concentration that travels to a substance of lesser concentration. |
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Osmosis |
Form of passive transport. Water travels thru selectively permeable membrane until concentrations of a substance are equalized. |
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Filtration |
Pressure is applied to force water & its dissolved materials across a membrane. |
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Facilitated diffusion |
A variation of diffusion in which a substance is helpedbin moving across the membrane. Protein helps glucose across the cell. |
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Active transport |
Active transport pumps, endocytosis, exocytosis |
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Phagocytosis |
When a solid particle is engulfed by a cell. |
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Exocytosis |
Occurs when the cell needs to transport substances out of itself. |
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Pinocytosis |
When the intake involves liquid |
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Cytoplasm |
Watery solution of biological material (proteins, carbs, lipids) & (minerals & gases) chemicals that are enclosed in the cell membrane. |
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Centrosomes |
Builds new cell structures |
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Centrioles |
Involved in the division of the cell |
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Endoplasmic Reticulum |
A series of channels setup in the cytoplasm that are formed from folded membranes. |
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Lysosome |
Enzymes that break things down |
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Mitochondria |
Power plant for cellular repair |
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Eukaryotic cells |
The cellsvthat make up the human body |
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Prokaryotic cells |
Bacterial cells that do not have a nucleus or organelles |
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Mitosis |
Tje division and sorting of the genetic material |
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Cytokinesis |
The division of the cytoplasm |
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Microorganisms
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bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa |
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bacteria
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make up the largest group of pathogen. ex: diplocci, streptococci, staphylococci, bacillus. |
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normal flora
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normal, good bacteria that lives within or on us |
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virus
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infectious particles that have a core containing genetic material surrounded by a protective protein coat called a capsid. Ex: HIV/AIDS
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Fungi
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one-celled or multi-celled organism. Plantlike organisms that have tiny filaments, that travel out from the cell to find and absorb nutrients. Ex: yeast, ringworm, rhizopus, aspergillus, cryptococcus |
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Protozoa
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one-celled animal-like organisms that can be found in water such as ponds and in soil. Ex: trypanosoma, plasmodium, amoeba. |
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membranes
|
sheetlike structures throughout the body. |
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pseudostratified
|
columnar epithelium, which looks stratified but is not. |
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nervous tissue
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acts as a rapid messenger service for the body and it's messages causes actions to occur |
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Pituitary Gland
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controls other glands; regulates growth and fluid balance |
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Hypothalamus |
Regulates water balance, body temperature, and appetite along with producing releasing hormones |
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Thyroid Gland |
Controls tissue metabolic rate and regulates calcium levels |
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Parathyroid gland |
regulates calcium levels (with thyroid) |
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Thymus |
Controls white blood cell maturation |
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Adrenal Glands |
adjust water balance, tissue metabolism, cardiovascular and respiratory activity |
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pancreas |
regulates blood glucose levels |
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gonads (testes) |
support male sexual characteristics and reproductive functions |
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ovaries |
support female sexual characteristics and reproductive functions |
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arteries
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carry blood from heart to capillaries |
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veins
|
return blood from capillaries to the heart |
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septicemia |
sepsis aka blood poisoning |
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bulimia |
a condition in which an individual goes on eating binges, overeats, and then attempts to get rid of the food by either vomiting or using laxatives to keep from gaining weight |
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anorexia
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the condition in which there is a progressive and severe weight loss even as the patient denies that there is a problem |
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periosteum |
tough and fibrous connective tissue. contains blood vessels that transport blood and nutrients into the bone to nurture the bone cells. |
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epiphysis |
the ends of long bones |
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diaphysis (shaft) |
the region between or "running thru" the two ends of bones |
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compact bone |
dense, hard tissue that normally forms the shafts of long bones and the outer layer of other bones |
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medullary canal |
the hallow region in the diaphysis (shaft) |
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red marrow |
makes blood cells |
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yellow marrow |
has high fat content. can convert to red bone marrow to help in the production of red blood cells |
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ossification/osteogenesis |
the formation of bone in the body |
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osteoprogenitor cells |
non-specialized cells found in the periosteum, endosteum, and central canal of compact bones |
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hemopoiesis |
the production of red blood cells |
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epiphyseal plate
|
growth plate |
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cartilage
|
special form of dense connective tissue that can withstand a fair amount of flexing, tension, and pressure. |
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synovial fluid
|
protects the area between the bones, joints. |
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articulation |
two or more bones joined together |
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hinge joint
|
found in knees and elbow |
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ball and socket
|
found in shoulders and hips |
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pivot
|
found in neck and forearm |
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extension
|
a movement that increases the angle of a joint |
