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173 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What do bones form from? |
Hyaline Cartilage |
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What is the difference between ligaments and tendons? |
Ligaments hold bone to bone at joint Tendons attach muscles to bone |
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Bones, cartilage, and ligaments are a part of... |
the tissues of the skeletal system |
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What pH is the body at |
7.4 |
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What are some functions of the skeleton? |
Support Movement Protection of delicate organs Blood formation in marrow Electrolyte balance Acid-Base balance Detoxification |
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Definition: Osteology |
Study of bone |
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What is bone? |
A connective tissue with a hard matrix |
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What is mineralization (calcification) |
process of hardening |
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What are some other tissues present in bone? |
Blood, adipose tissue, bone marrow, cartilage, nervous tissue, fibrous CT |
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What are the four shapes of the ones? Define them and give an example |
Flat: thin, often curved (ribs) Long: rigid levers for movement (humerus) Short: glide w/in joints (carpals of the wrist) Irregular: complex shapes (vertebrae) |
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Is compact bone interior or exterior? What about spongy bone? |
Compact is exterior, Spongy is interior |
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Where is the articular cartilage in the femur? |
at the end (JOINTS) |
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What type of bone is in the marrow cavity? |
Spongy |
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What are three features of long bones? |
Compact and spongy bones Marrow Cavity Articular cartilage - smooths joints |
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What is a feature of flat bones and where is it found? |
Skull. The spongy bone (diploe) sandwiched b/w plates of compact bone |
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What is the order of bone cells? |
Osteogenic (osteoprogenitor) cells Osteoblasts Osteocytes Osteoclasts |
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Two types of osteocytes |
Lacunae: cavities that house osteocytes Canaliculi: small canals that connect lacunae |
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1/3 of the bone matrix is... |
organic- collagen and large protein-carbohydrate complexes |
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2/3 of the bone matrix is... |
inorganic: 85% hydroxyapatite, 10% calcium carbonate, and 5% other inorganic minerals |
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Define hydroxyapatite |
Crystallized calcium phosphate salt |
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What is an osteon? What type of bone is it located in |
A basic unit. Located in compact bone. Has concentric lamellae and central (haversian) canal |
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What connects one osteon to the next? |
Perforating (Volkmann) canals |
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Where are circumferential lamellae located on the compact bone? |
Exterior |
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Spongy bone has ______ appearance |
porous appearance |
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Spongy bone has ____ and ____ |
Spicules: Rods and spines of bone Trabeculae: Thin plates of bone |
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What bone type is light-weight, but strong? |
Spongy Bone |
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Yellow vs Red bone marrow |
Yellow is mainly fat Red is hemopoietic (blood forming tissue) / both red and white blood cells are made here |
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What is bone marrow? |
Soft tissue located in medullary cavities of long bones, spaces within spongy bone, and large central canals within osteons |
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Where are red and yellow bone marrow located in the body? |
Red: skull, vertebrae, sternum, ribs, parts of pelvic girdle, and proximal heads of humerus and femur Yellow: long bones of limbs |
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What is ossification? |
Bone formation that begins with mesenchyme |
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Two methods of ossification |
Intramembranous: produces flat bones of skull and most clavicle. Bone develops in a fibrous sheet resembling the dermis Endochondral: Most bones develop this way, from hyaline cartilage model |
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what happens during "Elongation" |
Bones grow longer at epiphyseal plates. These plates are made of hyaline cartilage, metaphyses |
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what happens during "widening and thickening" |
Appositional growth- growth in diameter and thickness Intramembranous ossification at surface Osteoclasts widen medullary cavity |
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What are the three steps of bone remodeling (Wolff's Law of Bone)
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1. Bone shape is determined by mechanical stress 2. Bone adapts to withstand stress 3. Form follows function |
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What are the two most important nutritional factors for bones? |
Calcium and phosphate: raw materials for calcified ground substance Vitamin D: Reduces urinary calcium loss (necessary for calcium absorption) |
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What does the growth hormone do? |
Promotes intestinal absorption of calcium and stimulates growth plates and bone elongation |
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What are other hormonal factors? |
Calcitonin (secreted by thyroid gland) Growth hormone Estrogen and testosterone (bone growth during adolescence) Parathyroid hormone (PTH) (secreted by parathyroid glands) |
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Osteopenia |
Loss of bone (when severe it develops into osteoporosis) |
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After age 35, osteoblasts are ____ active than osteoclasts |
less active |
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What is the difference between a stress fracture and a pathological fracture? |
Stress is caused by an abnormal trauma Pathological occurs when bone is weakened by a disease such as osteoporosis |
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Define what a fracture is |
Breaking of skin, direction of fracture, separation of bone pieces |
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How long does a fracture take to heal |
8-12 weeks |
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Closed reduction vs open reduction |
Closed: nonsurgical manipulation Open reduction: surgical setting involving plates, screws, or pins |
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Osteoporosis |
Bones lose mass and become subject to pathological fractures |
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What people are more prone to osteoporosis? |
White, light build women |
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How to prevent osteoporosis? |
Weight-bearing exercise, adequate calcium and protein because their decline in estrogen. |
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Orthopedics |
Prevention and correction of injuries and disorders of bones, joints, and muscles |
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What bone is the most fractured in the body |
Clavicle |
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How many upper limb bones are there |
30 |
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Where are the radius and ulna located?
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Upper appendicular region (arms) |
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What is a manus
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Hand |
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Does the radius or ulna bare more weight
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Radius |
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Name two joints in the pelvic girdle |
Sacroiliac (SI) and Pubic symphysis |
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What is a pollex |
Thumb |
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How many bones are in the thumb |
2 |
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What is the pelvic girdle made up of? |
2 bones and a sacrum |
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What part of the body is the most sexually dimorphic between the two sexes? |
The hip bone |
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How do you count the metacarpals? |
From thumb (1) to pinky (5) |
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How many lower limb bones are there |
30 |
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What is the most weight bearing bone in the leg? |
Tibia (Shin) |
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What is the hallax? |
Big (great) toe |
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How many bones are in the skull |
22 |
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Define bipedalism |
Deals with evolution: Walking straight up |
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How many vertebrae are there? |
33 |
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What order do the vertebrae go? And how many vertebrae are in each? |
Atlas Axis C (7) T (12) L (5) S (5) C (4) |
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What is a cheek bone called |
zygomatic bone |
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Which vertebrae allows you to nod? |
C1 |
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Where is the ethmoid |
b/w the eyes, but pushed back more (nasal septum) |
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What shape is the babies spine when it's born |
C shaped then turns to S shape with age |
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What is the thoracic cavities main job |
to enclose the heart and lungs, they expand when you breathe |
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What's the strongest and only movable bone in the skull region? |
Mandible |
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What bone is moth-shaped |
Sphenoid bone |
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What is the difference between the axial skeleton and the appendicular? |
Axial is center and supports the body, it includes skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage Appendicular is the upper limbs and pectoral girdle, and the lower limbs and pelvic girdle |
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how many bones are you born with and how many are in adults? |
270 at birth, 206 in adults |
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What is the sesamoid bone? Where is it |
It forms within tendons due to stress. (Patella/kneecap) |
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What is sutural bones |
Extra bones of skull (not found in everyone) |
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What are these surface structures of the bones? Crest Line Tubercle Condyle Epicondyle Fissure |
Crest = Ridge Line = Ridge Tubercle = round process Condyle = knob Epicondyle = flare Fissure = slit |
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How many bones are in the skull? What are they joined by? |
22 bones joined by sutures |
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Define foramina |
holes where nerves and blood vessels pass |
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Name the four cranial bones are how many there are of each |
Frontal (1) Occipital (1) Temporal (2) Parietal (2) |
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What keeps the brain tissue from coming in contact with the cranial bones? |
meninges |
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Calavaria (define) |
Skull cap (not a bone, just the top of the head) |
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How many cranial bones are there? |
8 |
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What is the sphenoid bone? |
Moth-shaped bone in the skull. Greater and lesser wings |
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Where do facial bones lie |
Anterior to the cranial cavity |
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Maxillae (Define and how many) |
Only facial bone with a sinus. (2) |
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Vomer (define and where) |
Literally means "plowshare", no muscle attachment (1) |
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Mandible |
Only movable bone of the skull and the strongest |
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Order of auditory bones |
Malleus (hammer) Incus (anvil) Stapes (stirrup) |
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Bones of the ear are called |
Auditory ossicles |
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Hyoid bone |
Does not articulate with any other bone, located between chin in larynx (U-shaped). When fractured it is a sign of strangulation |
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How many vertebrae are in the vertebral column? |
33 |
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How many of each intervertebral discs are there |
Cervical (7) Thoracic (12) Lumbar (5) Sacral (5) Coccygeal (4) |
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functions of the vertebral column |
Supports skull and trunk allows movement protect spinal cord absorbs stress from walking Provides attachment for limbs |
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Scoliosis |
abnormal lateral curvature |
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Kyphosis |
abnormal posterior thoracic curvature (hunchback) |
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Lordosis |
(Swayback) abnormal anterior lumbar curvature |
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What is the general structure of vertebrae? |
Body (centrum) Vertebral foramen Vertebral arch Spinous process Transverse process Superior and inferior articular process |
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Two structures in the vertebral arch |
lamina and pedicle |
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What are intervertebral discs and what are the two types |
the padding between vertebrae. Nucleus Pulpsus: central portion Anulus fibrosis: Outer ring, fibrocartilage |
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How many Cervical vertebrae are there? What's their jobs |
C1-C7, 7 total, smallest and lightest. C1- Atlas "yes", flat, no body C2- Axis "no", dens (provides rotational movement) |
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Whats the purpose of a transverse foramina |
to turn. its holes that allow the passage of the vertebral arteries |
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Describe lumbar vertebrae? |
thick and stout, there's 5, its the largest |
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Define coccyx |
4 or 5 small vertebra that fuse together by age 20. "Tailbone" |
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Costal margin |
inferior border is the arc of the lower ribs |
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Three regions of the sternum |
Manubrium: Broad "necktie" Body: Longest part of the sternum Xiphoid process: Inferior end |
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How many ribs are there? How many are false ribs? How many are true? Floating?
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12 ribs 1-7 are true ribs 8-10 are false ribs 11-12 are floating ribs |
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Define chondrification and ossification during development of the axial skeleton |
Chondrification: differentiation of embryonic mesenchyme to hyaline cartilage Ossification: cartilage replaced by bone |
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What are fontanels and where are they found? |
soft spots on the head. Anterior, posterior, sphenoid, and mastoid |
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Mandible |
two bones at birth, they fuse together at midline to form one bone by three years of age |
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Ossification begins before birth but not completely done until age ___ |
25 |
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Skull fracture Vertebral fractures and dislocations Herniated discs |
skull- may damage brain, nerves, and meningeal blood vessels vertebral- may damage spinal cord herniated disc- cracking of annulus fibrosis, may press spinal nerve |
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Clavicle |
S-shaped collarbone. Most commonly fractured |
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Scapula |
Shoulder blade. Coracoid process: bicep attachment Glenoid cavity: socket for humerus |
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Acromion is also called the ____ |
Apex |
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How many upper limbs are there and what are three? |
30 bones/limb Brachium- shoulder to elbow (humerus) Antebrachium- forearm(radius and ulna) Manus-(27 bones) hand |
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Humerus and radius and ulna both have ____ and ____ |
proximal and distal ends proximal-close to attachment distal- end |
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Carpal bones have ___ rows of ___ small bones. The (#) of rows are ____ and _____ |
2 rows of 4 small bones. Proximal and distal rows |
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Two joints of the pelvic girdle |
2 hip coxal bones + sacrum Joints are: sacroiliac (SI) an pubic symphysis |
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5 parts of the hip bone |
Ilium Ischium Pubis Acetabulum (hip socket) Obturator foramen |
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Name two lower limbs of the crural (leg) region |
tibia and fibia |
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The distal end of the femur has what |
condyles and epicondyles |
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Calcaneus |
Achilles' tendon. In the tarsals |
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Define Amelia, Meromelia, Polydactyly, syndactyly, clubfoot |
Amelia: complete absence of one or more limb Meromelia: partial absence of limb Polydactyly: extra fingers or toes Syndactyly: webbed digits Clubfoot: feet are adduced and plantar flexed with soles turned medially |
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Joint articulation |
Where two joints meet |
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Arthrology |
Study of joint structure, function, and dysfunction |
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Biomechanics |
Study of movements and mechanics in body |
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Bony joints are also called |
synostosis joints |
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What are bony joints? When do they occur and end? |
Bony joints are two bones ossified together. They occur in infancy (mandible) and go through old age (ribs to sternum). |
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Fibrous joints correlate to |
Synarthrosis |
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Three types of fibrous joints |
sutures (skull) gomphoses syndesmoses |
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Classifications of sutures |
Serrate (interlocked) Lap (overlapped) Plane (straight, non overlapped) |
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GOMPHOSES |
Tooth socket |
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Periodontal ligament allows teeth to ___ |
move |
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What is syndesmoses |
Long collagen fibers bind to bones. Ulna-radius tibia-fibia |
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Are teeth bones? |
no |
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Two types of cartilaginous joints and what they have in them |
Synchondroses - hyaline cartilage Symphyses- fibrocartilage |
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Synovial joints |
Structurally complex and likely to develop dysfunctions |
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Articular cartilage is ___ |
at the ends of bones and it is hyaline cartilage |
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Joint capsule |
Makes a friction-free movement, Also removes waste product and produces synovial fluid |
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What are tendons made of |
Collagen fibers |
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Articular disc |
contain fibrocartilage padding (jaw) |
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Bursa |
sac of synovial fluid. Between adjacent bones, bone to skin, or tendons passing over bone. |
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How many types of synovial joints are there? Which has the greatest ROM? |
6 types. Ball & Socket is greatest ROM. Also, condylar (biaxial), saddle 2, plane 2, hinge 1, pivot (monaxial) |
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Flexion |
decreases joint angle |
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Extension |
Straightens joint angle |
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Abduction vs adduction |
Abduction: moves away midline Adduction: moves toward midline |
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Elevation vs depression |
Elevation: raises body part Depression: lowers body part |
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Protraction vs retraction |
Pro- anterior movement (push out) Re- posterior movement (move back) |
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Circumduction vs Rotation (2 types) |
Circumduction: distal end of limb makes circle while proximal end is stationary Rotation: bone spins on its long axis External rotation: anterior surface spins away from midline Medial rotation: anterior surface spins toward midline |
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Supination vs pronation |
supination: moves palm to face anteriorly (UP) pronation: moves palm to face posteriorly |
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* Dorsiflexion |
Foot elevates at ankle |
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* Plantar flexion |
foot points down at ankle |
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Inversion |
Soles face medially (in) |
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Eversion |
soles face laterally (out) |
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ROM factors |
structure of the articular surfaces strength and tautness of ligaments action of muscles and tendons |
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TMJ (temporomandibular joint) is located |
in the jaw |
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Lateral ligament ______ |
minimizes skull fracture |
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Shoulder joint has |
Glenoid labrum: ring of fibrocartilage that deepens the socket |
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the elbow joint functions as a _______ and two articulations of it are |
functions as a hinge (monaxial) humerulnar and humeroradial |
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The hip is ___ |
multiaxial |
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The hip joint is a ____ joint and has _______ that deepens the socket |
coxal joint that has acetabular labrum |
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Correlate the knee joint with
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tibiofemoral joint |
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The apex of the patella faces |
down |
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Anterior cruciate is Posterior cruciate |
ACL PCL |
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Correlate ankle joint with |
Talocrural joint |
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Two facts about the talocrural joint |
Calcaneal (achilles tendon) and anterior and posterior tibiofibular ligaments |
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Rheumatism |
any pain in the supportive and locomotor organs of the body |
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Rheumatologist |
Physician dealing with the study, diagnosis, and treatment of joint disorders |
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What's the most common form of arthritis? |
Osetoarthritis |
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Arthritis is |
inflammation of joint |
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Rheumatoid arthritis is an _____ disease |
autoimmune disease that causes immobilization |
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Arthroplasty |
replacement of diseased joint, artificial device |
