A & P Exam 1

Front 1

Sagittal plane

Back 1

Long axis, right and left halves that are not always equal.

Front 2

Median Plane

Back 2

Equal right and left halves .

Front 3

Transverse plane

Back 3

cross-section; cutting in half. perpendicular to the long axis.

Front 4

Dorsal plane in humans

Back 4

called frontal plane, front and back halves.

Front 5

Dorsal plane in animals

Back 5

upper and lower halves. dorsal and central

Front 6

Dorsal cavity

Back 6

close to the spine or vertebral column. includes cranial and spinal cavity.

Front 7

Ventral cavity

Back 7

close to the belly. includes thoratic cavity, pleural cavity, pericardial cavity. abdominal cavity

Front 8

Thoracic cavity

Back 8

Chest cavity, Part of the ventral cavity.

Front 9

Pleural cavity

Back 9

Lungs, in the central cavity

Front 10

Pericardial cavity

Back 10

The heart, ventral cavity.

Front 11

abdominal cavity

Back 11

the pelvic cavity, in the ventral cavity.

Front 12

Carbohydrates

Back 12

Organic molecules that give energy, store, contribute to cell structures. Includes sugar, starch and cellulose

Front 13

Lipids

Back 13

Organic molecules that store energy, give physical protection, contributes to hormone through cell communication. Includes triglycerides, steroids, elcosanoids and phospholipids. Hydrophilic tail, hydrophobic head.

Front 14

Starch

Back 14

Type of carbohydrate, the storage form of sugars.

Front 15

Cellulose

Back 15

Type of carbohydrate that gives you fiber.

Front 16

Proteins

Back 16

Organic molecule that builds everything, and is most abundant. made up of amino acids and peptide bonds. Physical shape is important.

Front 17

Nucleic acids

Back 17

Organic molecule, and the largest in the body. Includes DNA and RNA and codes for proteins.

Front 18

Amino acids

Back 18

Make up proteins, 100 make one protein. 20 biologically active ones in the body, the rest are obtained through the essential ones.

Front 19

Form determines ________ which determines ______ and ________. Surface area determines _________

Back 19

Shape/function/form/ cell size

Front 20

Cell membrane

Back 20

Barrier between the inside and the outside of the cell, and includes the phospholipid bilayer. It is selectively permeable

Front 21

Integral protein

Back 21

Membrane protein in the phospholipid bilayer. + and - Pores. Embedded within and pass through the membrane without going through the lipid bilayer.

Front 22

Peripheral protein

Back 22

Membrane protein on the outside of both layers of the phospholipid bilayer. Can attach things to the surface of the cell and include glycoproteins

Front 23

Integral glycoproteins

Back 23

Front 24

Peripheral proteins

Back 24

Front 25

Sperm

Back 25

The only flagellated cell in the mammalian body.

Front 26

Cytosol

Back 26

Part of the cytoplasm that gives form and structure to the cell, consists of dissolved molecules, suspended proteins, and mostly water.

Front 27

Cytoskeleton

Back 27

Part of the cytoplasm that is flexible. It includes microtubules, intermediate fibers, and microfilaments.

Front 28

Mitochondria

Back 28

Organelle that is the powerhouse, breaks down molecules for fuel, contains ATP, and more of these equals a more active cell. Have their own nucleic acids and DNA, and has a double membrane.

Front 29

Mitochondria

Back 29

Front 30

Ribosomes

Back 30

Have their own RNA, site of protein synthesis, may be free or attached.

Front 31

Ribosome

Back 31

Front 32

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Back 32

Flat tubes with a lot of surface area. Connected with the Golgi apparatus and the nucleus.

Front 33

Rough ER

Back 33

Has ribosomes, and is involved in protein production. Sends things to the golgi apparatus to be sent out of the cell.

Front 34

Smooth ER

Back 34

Involved in the production and storage of lipids, Glycogen breakdown, and detoxification.

Front 35

Rough ER

Back 35

Front 36

Smooth ER

Back 36

Front 37

Nucleus

Back 37

Surrounded by a double lipid bilayer membrane that is porous for transportation, contains the DNA and is filled with nucleoplasm.

Front 38

Nucleus

Back 38

Front 39

Chromatin

Back 39

The strand-like areas of the nucleus, includes DNA wrapped around histone proteins that condense into chromosomes during cell division.

Front 40

Nucleoli

Back 40

Part of the nucleus that has ribosome synthesis and makes rRNA

Front 41

Chromatin

Back 41

Front 42

Simple diffusion

Back 42

Passive process that moves a molecule from an area of high concentration, down the concentration gradient, and into an area of low concentration. Speed depends on the amount of kinetic energy.

Front 43

Ability of a molecule to diffuse across the cell membrane

Back 43

- Cell size (must be small)

- Lipid solubility

- Molecular charge (must be neutral and ions need pores)

Front 44

Faciliated diffusion

Back 44

Passive process that is used by small, non-lipid molecules. Binds to a carrier protein that transports it. Rate is limited by the number of carrier proteins, but can be affected by other things (insulin)

Front 45

Faciliated diffusion

Back 45

Front 46

Osmosis

Back 46

Passive process that moves only water across a semipermeable membrane. Continues until equilibrium and same solute is reached.

Front 47

Importance of osmosis to cells

Back 47

Determines the movement of fluids into and out of the cell. They want all concentrations to be leveled to prevent osmosis.

Front 48

Crenate

Back 48

When cells shrink in a hypertonic solution

Front 49

Lice

Back 49

Cell bursting from being placed in a hypotonic solution

Front 50

Osmotic pressure

Back 50

Weight of water against the membrane.

Front 51

Osmosis

Back 51

Front 52

Osmosis

Back 52

Front 53

Filtration

Back 53

Hydrostatic pressure forcing fluid across the membrane, the pushing force. This pressure is provided by the heart in mammals. Fluid can move down or against a pressure membrane.

Front 54

Filtration

Back 54

Front 55

Endocytosis

Back 55

An active process that where materials are engulfed by cell membrane extensions, and are taken in as membrane-bound vesicles. Include phagocytosis and pinocytosis.

Front 56

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Back 56

A ligand binds specific receptors on cell surface, and only takes what binds.

Front 57

Macrophage

Back 57

Acts as a cleanup around the cells through endocytosis.

Front 58

Exocytosis

Back 58

Takes materials out of the cell through membrane-bound vesicles. Helps during an allergic reaction.

Front 59

Active transport

Back 59

Uses a carrier molecule with a specific binding site. ATP is used as an energy source in case molecules are moved against a concentration gradient.

Front 60

Symport

Back 60

Carrier in active transport that takes two things in the same direction

Front 61

Antiport

Back 61

Carrier in active transport that takes one thing in and one thing out.

Front 62

Na+/K+ Pump

Back 62

Resting membrane potential. Active transport. Keeps normal ion concentrations in the cell.

Front 63

Resting membrane potential

Back 63

Maintains the normal difference in electrical charge across the cell membrane.

Front 64

ATP

Back 64

Front 65

Na+/K+ in normal resting cell

Back 65

Inside: Low Na+/ high K+

Outside: High Na+/low K+

Front 66

Na+/K+ Pump

Back 66