A & P Connective Tissue

Front 1

What is the function of connective tissue in general?

Back 1

It connects &/or binds a variety of tissues together. Has a variety of specialized functions depending on type.

Front 2

We see 3 general forms of CT--what are they?

Back 2

Liquid-blood

semi-solid----gel like (cartilaginous)

solid---bones

Front 3

All CT has 3 general characteristics, what are they?

Back 3

1. Specialized cells (2 types)

2. Have extracellular fibers (3 types)

3. Have ground substance

Front 4

CT has 3 general characteristics, one of which is Specialized cells, of which there are 2 types. What are they?

Back 4

1. fixed cells

2. Wandering cells

Front 5

A type of Specialized Cell is a Fixed cell--What are the characteristics of Fixed cells?

Back 5

~Fixed cells stay in one place
~~secrete extracellular fibers and ground substances
~~~Make CT then live there and maintain it

Front 6

What are the 3 types of fixed cells and what are their functions?

Back 6

1) fibroblasts--most common, called chondroblasts in cartilage, osteoblasts in bone.
2) Adipocytes:store lipid, are fat cells
3) Reticular cells: make reticular fibers

Front 7

A type of specialized cell is a Wandering cell. What do they do are what are 3 types?

Back 7

They wander in and out of the CT as needed and the 3 types are:
1. Leukocytes/WBC's
2.Mast cells-contain vasoactive substances such as heparin and histamines
3. Macrophages-can be fixed or wandering

Front 8

The 2nd characteristic of CT is that is has Extracellular fibers. There are 3 types of these. What are they and what are their characteristics/functions?

Back 8

~Collogen fibers- most common, gives CT its strength
~Reticular fibers:give CT framework/support
~Elastic fibers: give CT elasticity (stretch and recoil)

Front 9

The 3rd characteristic of CT is that it has ground substance which is a substance that ranges in texture from a liquid to a gel to a calcified substance. It is a medium through which cells______ and it also acts as a __________

Back 9

exchange nutrients and waste with the bloodstream

shock absorbing cushion and protects the more delicate cells it envelopes

Front 10

Extracellular fibers with a ground substance make up the ___________

Back 10

matrix

Front 11

The type of CT depends on type of fixed cells, extracellular fibers and __________

Back 11

ground substance

Front 12

Connective tissue PROPER is made up of 2 types of connective tissue, what are they?

Back 12

Loose and Dense CT

Front 13

Connective tissue PROPER is made up of 2 types of CT, Loose and Dense and each of these has 3 types. What are the 3 types of Loose CT?

Back 13

Loose CT is made up of Areolar, Adipose and Reticular connective tissues

Front 14

Connective tissue PROPER is made up of 2 types of CT, Loose and Dense and each of these has 3 types. What are the 3 types of Dense CT?

Back 14

Dense CT is made up of Dense regular, dense irregular and elastic ct

Front 15

Specialized CT is made up of 3 types of tissue. What are they?

Back 15

Cartilage, bone and blood

Front 16

Cartilage, one of the 3 types of Specialized CT, has 3 types, what are they?

Back 16

Hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

Front 17

Bone, one of the 3 types of Specialized CT, has 2 types, what are they?

Back 17

Compact and cancellous

Front 18

CT Proper- Areolar CT is a loose array of all 3 fiber types in a gel like substance and is found between muscles throughout the body, under the basement membrane of epithelial tissue, between glands, muscles and nerves and surrounding capillaries & organs. What is its FUNCTION?

Back 18

Provides nutrients to tissues it surrounds and supports
--acts as loose packing material

Front 19

CT Proper-Adipose CT is closely packed adipocytes filled with lipid and are located throughout the body-
under the skin, around heart and kidneys, in omentum and mesentary and around colon. The function of Adipose CT is ______

Back 19

insulation, padding and energy storage

Front 20

CT Proper-Reticular CT is reticular cells supported by a fine network of irregular reticular fibers and tends to be located in the spleen, lymph nodes and bone marrow. The function of of Reticular CT is ____

Back 20

To provide an internal skeleton for hematopoietic and lymphatic tissues

Front 21

Dense CT-Dense regular CT, contains parallel collagen fibers and is what makes up __________, which allows those items to _________

Back 21

tendons and ligaments

withstand pulling forces from 2 directions

Front 22

Dense CT-Dense irregular CT has collagen fibers running in ALL directions and is located on the dermis, in organ capsules, in the submucosa of GI tract and the function of it is_____________

Back 22

to withstand pulling forces while providing support to area located

Front 23

Dense CT-Elastic CT contains elastic fibers and has a variety of locations such as:__________
and it's function is to_______

Back 23

Connects the vertabrae
in walls of ARTERIES
stomach
bronchi
bladder
~allow tissue to stretch and recoil

Front 24

Specialized CT-Cartilage-is made up fixed cells called chrondrocytes, and these cells live within pockets in the matrix called lacunae and its ground substance is __________ and this types heals ___________

Back 24

glucosamine and chondrotin

slowly due to poor vascularization

Front 25

There are 3 types of Cartilage, one of which is Hyaline cartilage (most common type), which is made up of collagen fibers in a firm ground substance. It is located_____

Back 25

~in articular cartilage at the end of long bones in joints and connects ribs to sternum
~in the nose, rings of trachea, larynx and most of embryonic skeleton

Front 26

The functions of Hyaline cartilage are:

Back 26

Provide structural rigidity & support

cushion joints

Front 27

The 2nd type of Specialized CT Cartilage is Elastic Cartilage which are made up of elastic fibers in a firm ground substance and it located in the pinna, epiglottis and auditory tubes. The function is _____

Back 27

Provides support and more flexibility than hyaline cartilage in the tissues it is located within

Front 28

The 3rd type of Specialized CT Cartilage is Fibrocartilage, which is similar to hyaline cartlilage but has more collagen and thicker bundles. It is located in the meniscus, the symphsis of mandible and pubis and IVD. What is the function of FIbrocartilage where it is located?

Back 28

withstands compressive forces

Front 29

Another type of Specialized connective tissue is BONE, which is a specialized connective tissue that forms most of the skeleton. It has 6 general functions-what are they?

Back 29

1. Support-support soft tissue and provide attachment points for skeletal muscle.
2. Proctection-of internal organs
3. Movement-provides muscles with origin and insertion points to provide leverage
4. Mineral homeostatsis-calcium & phospherus
5. Blood cell production in red marrow
6. Energy stores- in yellow marrow
6.

Front 30

Bone is a CT because it does have SPECIALIZED CELLS, FIBERS and a GROUND SUBSTANCE--the 3 compents of all CT. Mineral salts are the ground substance and gives bone its hardness, and the fibers are the collagen fibers give bone___________ and together these make the up the _____ of bone

Back 30

its tensile strength (can bend slightly w/o breaking)

matrix

Front 31

The Specialized cells of bones make up the Bone Cell Line---what are they in order?

Back 31

1. Mesenchyme-primitive CT, embryonic CT which all CT is derived
2. Osteoprogenitor cells- are unspecialized cells that are the last to dvide by mitosis
3. Osteoblasts-cells that form bone, have lost ability to divide by mitosis, secrete collagen and ground substances and initiate calcification
4. Osteocytes are mature bone cells of bone tissue that FORM bones

Front 32

Osteoclasts are not a part of the Bone cell line. They are an aggregation of approximately 50 macrophages and their function is to:

Back 32

Break down bone for normal development, growth, remodeling and repair and they do this by releasing enzymes to breakdown bone:

Front 33

Bone has 2 types. What are they?

Back 33

Compact and cancellous

Front 34

Compact bone has osteons (Haversian systems) which are tiny compact cylinders of bone. It forms external layers on all bones, lies over spongy bone and forms the diaphysis of long bones. The functions of this type of bone are ________

Back 34

To protect underlying bone
Support bone and body weight
Resist forces of weight bearing and gravity

Front 35

Cancellous bone is also known as spongy bone has NO osteons, has trabeculae (little beams), is surrounded by red marrow spaces and is present in short, flat and irregularly shaped bones and the epiphyses of long bones. It also functions as

Back 35

a place to store red marrow and it provides some support to with the trabeculae

Front 36

Bones have 2 types of blood supply. What are they?

Back 36

1) Periosteal and endosteal vessels-which enter compact bone through Volkman's canals to anastmose w/haversian vessels
2) Large nutrient artery-enters through nutrient foramen to service the endosteum and red bone marrow

Front 37

The process of Bone formation is called ossification and there are 2 types- endochondral and Intramembraneous. Both involve the replacement of connective tissue with bone and the structure of resulting bone is____________

Back 37

the same no matter how it is formed

Front 38

The majority of bone is formed through Endochondral process which involves the Mesenchyme becoming hyaline cartilage which then becomes________ but some hyaline cartilage remains as articular cartilage and growth plates

Back 38

bone

Front 39

Intramembraneous bone formation involves the formation of bone without the cartilage stage. It goes from Mesenchyme directly to the bone stage. It is seen in ______

Back 39

certain skull bones only

Front 40

After formation, bones must increase in length, diameter as body matures and changes throughout life and they do so through 2 types of bone growth:

Back 40

Interstitial-due to presence of growth plates which have 4 distinct Zones (layers)

Appositional-diaphysis increases in in diameter wall thickness

Front 41

What are the 4 zones of the growth plates-from end end of bone towards the diaphysis?

Back 41

1. Zone of Resting Cartilage-fastens epiphysis to growth plate. No role in bone growth
2. Zone of proliferating cartilage-replaces cartilage in the zone of hypertrophic cartilage
3. Zone of hypertrophic cartilage-mature chondrocytes formed here
4. Zone of calcified cartilage

Front 42

Osteoblasts produce bone when calcified cartilage is ______________

Back 42

removed by osteoclasts

Front 43

When growth plates close, they become epiphyseal ________, which can be confused with _______

Back 43

lines,

fractures

Front 44

A slipped growth plate can result in ____________

Back 44

a growth deformity

Front 45

Appositional growth is bone growth involving increase in diameter and thickness of bone. It involves bone ridges forming around the periosteal vessel, which eventually become the ____________ (aka osteons)

Back 45

Haversian systems

Front 46

As osteoblasts lay down bone on the outside, ____________ remove bone from the inside the medullary cavity to maintain____________

Back 46

osteoclasts

proportion

Front 47

Regulation of bone growth before and at puberty involves the anterior pituitary secreting insulin like growth hormones, growth factors. At puberty, _______ causes the growth plates to close

Back 47

rising levels of estrogen

Front 48

Bone is the main reservoir for calcium in the body and normal blood calcium levels are important for:

Back 48

Nerve function
Muscle function
blood physiology

Front 49

The regulation of calcium in the blood involves 2 antagonistic substances. What are they?

Back 49

Parathormone (PTH) and Calcitonin

Front 50

Parathormone is produces by the parathyroid glands and is released in response to __________ which increases blood calcium levels by increasing absorbtion of it in the GI tract, increasing absorption in the kidneys and stimulation of osteoclast activity.

Back 50

LOW blood calcium levels

Front 51

Calcitonin is produced by the thyroid gland and is released in response to___________ which then decreases blood calcium levels by lowering blood calcium, lower amount of absorbtion by kidneys and decreasing ___________

Back 51

HIGH blood calcium levels

osteoclast activity

Front 52

Exercise and bone tissue-mechanical stresses increase bone strength by increasing deposits of mineral salts which results in the bones becoming stronger due to:

Back 52

-becoming harder with more ground substance(the mineral salts)
-increased production of collagen fibers increase tensile strength
-increased production of calcitonin

Front 53

Bone strength is a delicate balance with bone size and strength versus the the forces of weight bearing and muscle contraction. Gravity plays a large role here and astronauts who are in space may lose____ due to the lack of gravity

Back 53

up to 1% bone mass per week

Front 54

There are 2 type of bone fractures are the first is the ________ which does not perforate the skin and has a _________. The 2nd is the ________, which has an ________

Back 54

CLOSED/SIMPLE, decreased chance of infection

OPEN/COMPOUND, much higher chance of infection

Front 55

A Transverse fracture involves a break that is________

Back 55

straight across the bone at a right angle to axis

Front 56

A greenstick fracture involves a break that________

Back 56

goes across the axis without crossing all the way from cortice to cortice

Front 57

A comminuted fracture involves a break where_________

Back 57

bone is shattered at the fracture site, may have bone chips and splinters

Front 58

A spiral fracture involves a fracture that _________

Back 58

spirals down the diaphysis

Front 59

An oblique fracture involves a break that is _________

Back 59

at an angle to the diaphysis

Front 60

A condylar fracture involves a fracture of ___________

Back 60

the condyles of the bones

Front 61

An avulsion fracture results from an _________

Back 61

overcontracture of a muscle or tendon resulting in it pulling away from and pulling off bone rather than itself tearing

Front 62

An impaction fracture results from __________

Back 62

one bone being forced into another

Front 63

There are 4 stages of bone healing. What are they?

Back 63

1. Fracture hematoma
2. Formation of a Fibroblast produced granulation
3. Formation of a boney hard callus
4. Remodeling

Front 64

The fracture hematoma stage of bone healing involves what process?

Back 64

bleeding--->vasoconstriction around area---->formation of platelet plug--->Clot formation----fibroblasts move into area

Front 65

the second stage of bone healing involves the formation of fibroblast produced granulation and this formation is called the fibrocartlagininous soft __________, which is very ______

Back 65

callus

vascular

Front 66

The 3rd stage of bone healing is the formation of a boney hard callus which involves ____ producing spongey bone to replace the previously formed granulation tissue. These show up on ___ around 6 weeks post repair if the bone is healing properly.

Back 66

osteoblasts

radiographs

Front 67

The forth and final stage of bone healing is remodeling of the bones, which can take up to ______

Back 67

a year

Front 68

What are the 3 requirements for successful bone healing?

Back 68

***1. NO MOVEMENT***

2. Rich blood supply- to bring in O2 and glucose to injury site to supply energy for healing

3. Diet high in calcium and phospherus

Front 69

A non-union of a fracture may occur due to:

Back 69

lack of proper immobilization
poor blood supply
infection
poor surgical technique

Front 70

Reduction is an orthopedic procedure that involves putting a bone back in line and muscle contraction makes this difficult. A closed reduction involves________. An open reduction involves______

Back 70

-pulling the bones back into place and applying immobilization afterwards

surgically putting the bone(s) back in place and usually with internal fixation

Front 71

External fixation involves the application of __________ and has several advantages over open fracture repair such as:

Back 71

splints, casts, kirschner apparatus

no further trauma, fracture hematoma is maintained which can aid healing and less risk of infection. Also is less expensive

Front 72

Internal fixation involves surgery that puts bones back together with pins, plates, screws and wires. Advantages are__________ but is more expensive

Back 72

Better visualization of fracture and better alignment of bones