A & P Chpt 2

Front 1

Matter

Back 1

Anything that takes up space and has mass

Front 2

Mass

Back 2

The amount of material in matter

Front 3

Atoms

Back 3

-Matter is made up of atoms
-Atoms join together to form chemicals w/ different characteristics

Front 4

Proton

Back 4

-Positive charge
- 1 mass unit

Front 5

Neutron

Back 5

-Neutral
-1 mass unit

Front 6

Electron

Back 6

-Negative
-Low mass

Front 7

Atomic Number

Back 7

Number of protons

Front 8

Mass Number

Back 8

Number of protons + number of neutrons

Front 9

Nucleus

Back 9

Contains protons and neutrons

Front 10

Electron Cloud

Back 10

Contains electrons

Front 11

Isotope

Back 11

The specific version of an element based on its mass number

Front 12

Ionic Bond

Back 12

Attraction between cations (electron donor) and anions (electron acceptor)

Front 13

Covalent Bond

Back 13

Strong electron bonds involving sharedd electrons

Front 14

Hydrogen Bond

Back 14

Weak polar bonds based on partial electron attractions.

Front 15

Molecules

Back 15

2 or more atoms joined by strong bonds

Front 16

Compounds

Back 16

2 or more atoms of DIFFERENT ELEMENTS joined by stong or weak bonds

Front 17

Nonpolar Covalent Bond

Back 17

Involve equal sharing of electrons b/c atoms involoved in the vond have equal pull for the electrons

Front 18

Polar Covalent Bond

Back 18

Involve the unequal sharing of electrons b/c one of the atoms involved in the vond has a disporportionally strong pull on the electron

Front 19

Hydrogen Bonds

Back 19

-Bonds between adjacent molecules, not atoms
-Involve slightly positive & slightly negative portions of polar molecules being attracted to one another

Front 20

Solid

Back 20

Constant volume & constant shape

Front 21

Liquid

Back 21

Fixed volume, but changes shape

Front 22

Gas

Back 22

No fixed volume or shape

Front 23

Reactants

Back 23

Materials going into a reaction

Front 24

Products

Back 24

Materials coming out of a reaction

Front 25

Metabolism

Back 25

All of the reactions that are occuring at one time

Front 26

Energy

Back 26

The power to do work

Front 27

Work

Back 27

A change in mass or distance

Front 28

Kinetic Energy

Back 28

Energy in motion

Front 29

Potential Energy

Back 29

Stored energy

Front 30

Chemical Energy

Back 30

Potential energy stored in chemical bonds

Front 31

Decomposition Reaction
(Catabolism)

Back 31

Breaks chemical bonds; Hydrolysis

Front 32

Synthesis Reaction
(Anabolism)

Back 32

Forms chemical bonds; dehydration synthesis (condensation)

Front 33

Exchange reaction

Back 33

Involves decomposition first, then synthesis

Front 34

Reversible reaction

Back 34

-A reaction that occurs simultaneously in both directions
-At equilibrium the amounts of chemicals do not change even though the reactions are still occuring

Front 35

Enzymes

Back 35

Protein catalysts that lower the activation energy of reactions

Front 36

Activation Energy

Back 36

Amount of energy needed to get a reaction started

Front 37

Exergonic (exothermic) Reactions

Back 37

Produce more energy than they use

Front 38

Endergonic (endothermic) Reactions

Back 38

Use more energy than they produce

Front 39

Nutrients

Back 39

Essential molecules obtained from food

Front 40

Metabolites

Back 40

Molecules made or broken down in the body

Front 41

Inorganic

Back 41

Molecules not based on carbon & hydrogen. Carbon dioxide, oxygen, water, and inorganic acids, bases and salts

Front 42

Organic

Back 42

Molecules based on carbon & hydrogen. Carbohydrated, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids

Front 43

Solution

Back 43

A uniform mixture of two or more substances

Front 44

Solubility

Back 44

Waters ability to dissolve a solute in a solvent to make a solution

Front 45

Hydrophilic

Back 45

hydro=water, philos= loving
interacts w/ water
includes ions and polar molecules

Front 46

Hydrophobic

Back 46

phobos= fear
does not interact with water
includes nonpolar molecules, fats and oils

Front 47

Hydrogen ion (H+)

Back 47

-Hydrogen atom that has lost electron
-extremely reactive in solution
-concentration in body regulated precisely

Front 48

Hydroxide ion (OH-)

Back 48

Produced when water decomposes (along with H+)

Front 49

pH

Back 49

The concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution

Front 50

Neutral pH

Back 50

A balance of H+ and OH-
Pure water = 7.0

Front 51

Acidic pH

Back 51

Lower than 7.0
High H+ concentration
Low OH- concentration

Front 52

Basic (alkaline) pH

Back 52

Higher than 7.0
Low H+ concentration
High OH- concentration

Front 53

Acid

Back 53

-a solute tht adds hydrogen ions to a solution
-Proton donor

Front 54

Base

Back 54

-a solute that removes hydrogen ions from a solution
-proton acceptor

Front 55

Weak Acids & Bases

Back 55

-Fail to dissociate completely
-Help to balance pH

Front 56

Salts

Back 56

Solutes that dissociate into cations and anions other than hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions

Front 57

Buffers

Back 57

Neutralized either strong acid of strong base

Front 58

Carbohydrates

Back 58

Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Front 59

Monosaccharide

Back 59

-Simple sugar with 3-7 carbon atoms
-Glucose, fructose, galactose
-absorbed into body for energy

Front 60

Disaccharide

Back 60

-2 simple sugars condensed by dehydration synthesis
-Sucrose, maltose,lactose

Front 61

Polysaccharide

Back 61

-Many monosaccharides condensed by dehydration synthesis
-Glycogen, starch, cellulose

Front 62

Lipids

Back 62

-Hydrophobic molecules
-made mostly of C, H atoms

Front 63

Fatty Acids

Back 63

Long chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms w/a carboxylic acid group at one end.

Front 64

Fatty Acids: Saturated

Back 64

Saturated why hydrogen. No covalent bonds

Front 65

Fatty Acids: Unsaturated

Back 65

One or more double bonds

Front 66

Glycerides

Back 66

Fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule

Front 67

Triglycerides

Back 67

-Predominant form of fat
-Energy source
-Insulation
-Protection

Front 68

Steroids

Back 68

-Lipid form
- four rings of carbon and hydrogen w/ an assortment of functional groups

Front 69

Proteins

Back 69

Most abundant and important organic molecule

Front 70

Peptides

Back 70

-Amino acids linked through dehydration synthesis

Front 71

Proteins: 7 major functions

Back 71

-Support:structural proteins
-Movement: contractile proteins
-Transport: carrier proteins
-Buffering: reg. of pH
-Metabolic:enzymes
-Coordination & control:horomoes
-Defense: antibodies

Front 72

Fibrous proteins

Back 72

structural sheets or strands

Front 73

Globular proteins

Back 73

soluble spheres w/active functions.

Front 74

Protein function and shape

Back 74

-function based on shape
-shape based on sequence of amino acids

Front 75

Nucleic acids

Back 75

Large organic molecules found in the nucleus, which store and process information at the molecular level

Front 76

DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid

Back 76

-determines inherited characteristics
-directs protein synthesis
-controls enzyme production
-controls metabolism

Front 77

RNA
Ribonucleic acid

Back 77

-copies of DNA to make proteins
-controls intermediate steps in protein synthesis

Front 78

Nucleotides

Back 78

-The building blocks of DNA & RNA.
-Have 3 molecular parts: A sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base

Front 79

ATP

Back 79

Primary form of energy

Front 80

ATPase

Back 80

Enzyme that catalyzes phosphorylation.