A & P Chapter 5

Front 1

The integument

Back 1

1. is the largest system of the body

2. sixteen percent of body weight

3. 1.5 to 2m2 in area

Front 2

the integument is made up of two parts

Back 2

1. Cutaneous membrane (skin)

2. Accessory structures

Front 3

two components of the cutaneous membrane

Back 3

1. outer epidermis ( superficial epithelium-epithelial tissues)

2. inner dermis (connective tissues)

Front 4

Accessory structure

Back 4

1. originate in the dermis

2. extend through the epidermis to skin surface (Hair, Nails, Multicellular exocrine glands)

Front 5

connections

Back 5

1. cardiovascular system

2. blood vessels in the dermis

Front 6

Nervous system

Back 6

sensory receptors for pain, touch, and temperature

Front 7

Hypodermis (superficial fascia or subcutaneous layer)

Back 7

1. loose connective tissue

2. below the dermis

3. location of hypodermic injections

Front 8

Functions of skin

Back 8

1. protection of underlying tissues and organs

2. excretion of salts, water, and organic wastes (glands)

3. maintenance of body temperature (insulation and evaporation)

4. production of melanin

Front 9

functions of skin

Back 9

1. production of keratin

2. synthesis of vitamin D3

3. storage of lipids

4. detection of touch, pressure, pain, and temperation

Front 10

the Epidermis

Back 10

1. is avascular stratified squamous epithelium

2. nutrients and oxygen diffuse from capillaries in the dermis

Front 11

Keratinocytes (cells of the epidermis)

Back 11

1. contain large amounts of keratin

2. are the most abundant cells in the epidermis

Front 12

Thin skin

Back 12

1. covers most of the body

2. has four layers of keratinocytes

Front 13

Thick skin

Back 13

1. covers the palms of the hands and soles of the feet

2. has five layers of keratinocytes

Front 14

5 strata layers in order from the bottom

Back 14

1. stratum basale

2. stratum spinosum

3. stratum granulosum

4. stratum lucidum

5. stratum corneum

Front 15

stratum basale

Back 15

1. attached to basement membrane by hemidesmosomes

2. forms strong bond between epidermis & dermis

3. forms epidermal ridges ( basis of fingerprints)

4. dermal papillae ( tiny mound)

. increase the area of basement membrane

. strengthen attachment between epidermis and dermis

5. has many basal cells, or germinative cells

Front 16

Special cells of stratum basale are:

Back 16

1. Merkel cells

2. Melanocytes

Front 17

Merkel cells

Back 17

Found in hairless skin

respond to touch (trigger nervous system

Front 18

Melanocytes

Back 18

Contain the pigment melanin

Scattered throughout stratum basale

Front 19

Stratum spinosum (the "spiny layer")

Back 19

1. produced by division of stratum basale

2. 8-10 layers of keratinocytes bound by desmosomes

3. cells shrink until cytoskeletons stick out (spiny)

4. continue to divide, increasing thickness of epithelium

5. contain dendritic (Langerhans) cells, active in immune response

Front 20

Stratum granulosum ( the "grainy layer")

Back 20

1. stops dividing, starts producing

a) keratin

. a tough, fibrous protein

. makes up hair and nails

b) keratohyalin

. dense granules

. cross-link keratin fibers

Front 21

Karatin

Back 21

tough, fibrous protein

makes up hair and nails

Front 22

Cells of stratum granulosum

Back 22

1. produce protein fibers

2. dehydrate and die

3. create tightly interlocked layer of keratin surrounded by keratohyalin

Front 23

Stratum lucidum ( the " clear layer")

Back 23

1. found only in thick skin

2. covers the stratum granulosum

Front 24

Stratum corneum (the "horn layer")

Back 24

1. exposed surface of skin

2. 15 to 30 layers of keratinized cells

3. water resistant

4. shed and replaced every two weeks

Front 25

Keratinization

Back 25

1. the formation of layer of dead, protective cell filled with keratin

2. occurs on all exposed skin surfaces except eyes

3. skin life cycle

4. it takes 7 to 10 days for a cell to move from stratum basale to stratum corneum

Front 26

types of perspiration

Back 26

1. insensible perspiration

2. sensible perspiration

Front 27

Insensible perspiration

Back 27

interstitial fluid lost by evaporation through the stratum corneum

Front 28

Sensible perspiration

Back 28

1. water excreted by sweat glands

2. dehydration results

a) form damage to stratum corneum (e.g., burns and blisters[insensible perspiration])

b) form immersion in hypertonic solution (e.g. seawater [osmosis])

Front 29

Skin color is influenced by two pigments

Back 29

1. carotene

2. melanin

. blood circulation (red blood cells)

Front 30

Carotene

Back 30

1. orange-yellow pigment

2. found in orange vegetables

3. accumulates in epidermal cells and fatty tissues of the dermis

4. can be converted to vitamin A

Front 31

Melanin

Back 31

1. yellow-brown or black pigment

2. produced by melanocytes in stratum basale

3. stored in transport vesicles (melanosomes)

4. transferred to keratinocytes

Front 32

function of Melanocytes

Back 32

1. melanin protect skin from sun damage

2. ultraviolet (UV) radiation

a) causes DNA mutations and burns that lead to cancer and winkles

3. skin color depends on melanin production, not number of melanocytes

Front 33

The dermis

Back 33

1. located between epidermis and subcutaneous layer

2. anchors epidermal accessory structures (hair, follicles, sweat glands)

Front 34

Dermis consists of two components

Back 34

1. outer papillary layer

2. deep reticular layer

Front 35

Skin damage

Back 35

1. sagging and winkles(reduced skin elasticity) are caused by

a) dehydration

b) age

c) hormonal changes

d) uv exposure

Front 36

Stretch marks

Back 36

1. thickened tissue resulting from excessive stretching of skin due to

a) pregnancy

b) weight gain

Front 37

Cleavage line

Back 37

1. collagen and elastic fibers in the dermis

a) arranged in parallel bundles

b) resist force in a specific direction

2. cleavage (tension) lines establish important patterns

a) a parallel cut remains shut, heals well

b) a cut across (right angle) pulls open and scars

Front 38

the dermal blood supply

Back 38

1. cutaneous plexus

a) a network of arteries along the reticular layer

2. papillary plexus

a) capillary network from small arteries in papillary layer

3. venous plexus

a) capillary return deep to the papillary plexus

4. contusion

a) damage to blood vessels resulting in "black-and-blue" bruising

Front 39

Nerve fibers in skin control

Back 39

1. blood flow

2. gland secretions

3. sensory receptors

a) light touch-tactile corpuscles, located in dermal papillae

b) deep pressure and vibration-lamellated corpuscles, in the reticular layer

Front 40

The Hypodermis (subcutaneous layer)

Back 40

1. lies below the integument

2. stabilizes the skin

3. allows separate movement

4. made of elastic areolar and adipose tissues

5. connected to the reticular layer of integument by connective tissue fibers

6. few capillaries and no vital organs

7. the site of subcutaneous injections using hypodermis needles

Front 41

Hair, hair follicles, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, and nails are:

Back 41

1. integumentary accessory structures

2. derived from embryonic epidermis

3. located in dermis

4. project through the skin surface

Front 42

Functions of hair

Back 42

1. protects and insulates

2. guards opening against particles and insects

3. is sensitive to very light touch

Front 43

Hair follicle

Back 43

1. located deep in dermis

2. produces nonliving hairs

3. wrapped in a dense connective tissue sheath

4. base is surrounded by sensory nerves(root hair plexus

Front 44

Accessory structures of hair

Back 44

1. Arrector pili

a) involuntary smooth muscle

b) causes hairs to stand up

c) produces "goose bumps"

2. Sebaceous Glands

a) lubricate the hair

b) control bacteria

Front 45

Regions of the hair are:

Back 45

1. hair root

a) lower part of the hair

b) attached to the integument

2. hair shaft

a) upper part of the hair

b) not attached to the integument

Front 46

Hair shaft structure are:

Back 46

1. Medulla

a) the central core

2. Cortex

a) the middle layer

3. Cuticle

a) the surface layer

Front 47

Keratin in hair

Back 47

1. as hair is produced, it is keratinized

2. medulla contains flexible soft keratin

3. cortex and cuticle contain stiff hard keratin

Front 48

Exocrine glands in skin

Back 48

sebaceous glands (oil glands)

. holocrine glands

. secrete sebum

Front 49

two types of sweat glands

Back 49

1. apocrine glands

2. merocrine (eccrine) glands

. watery secretions

Front 50

Apocrine sweat glands

Back 50

1. found in armpits, around nipples, and groin

2. secret products into hair follicles

3. produce sticky, cloudy secretions

4. break down and cause odors

5. surrounded by myoepithelial cells

. squeeze apocrine gland secretions into skin surface

. in response to hormonal or nervous signal

Front 51

Merocrine (Eccrine) sweat glands

Back 51

1. widely distributed on body surface

2. especially on palms and soles

3. coiled, tubular glands

4. discharge directly into skin surface

Front 52

Nails

Back 52

1. protect fingers and toes

2. made of dead cells packed with keratin

3. metabolic disorders can change nail structure

Front 53

Nail production

Back 53

occurs in a deep epidermal fold near the bone called the nail root

Front 54

structure of a nail

Back 54

1. skin beneath the distal free edge of the nail

. is the hyponychium (onyx=nail)

2. visible nail emerges

. from the eponychium (cuticle)

. at the tip of the proximal nail fold

Front 55

Effects of aging

Back 55

1. reduced blood supply

2. decreased function of hair follicles

3. reduction of elastic fibers

4. decreased hormone levels

5. slower repair rate

Front 56

Papillary layer

Back 56

1. consists of areolar tissue

2. contains smaller capillaries, lymphatics, and sensory neurons

3. has dermal papillae projecting between epidermal ridges

Front 57

Reticular layer

Back 57

1. consists of dense irregular connective tissue

2. contains larger blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerve fibers

3. contains collagen and elastic fibers

4. contains connective tissue proper

Front 58

Dermatitis

Back 58

1. an inflammation of the papillary layer

2. caused by infection, radiation, mechanical irritation, or chemicals (e.g. poison ivy)

3. characterized by itch or pain

Front 59

(dermal strength and elasticity) presence of two types of fibers:

Back 59

1. collagen fibers

a) very strong, resist stretching but bend easily

b) provide flexibility

2. elastic fibers

a) permit stretching and then recoil to original length

b) limit the flexibility of collagen fibers to prevent damage to tissue

3. skin turgor

a) properties of flexibility and resilience