A & P: Ch. 16

Front 1

Essentially, how does the nervous system work?

Back 1

- nerve impulses conducted along axons of neurons
- trigger the release of neurotransmitters (mediators) at synapses

Front 2

What is a hormone?

Back 2

- mediator that is released in one part of the body, but typically regulates activity in a distant part of the body

- most hormones, after secretion from an endocrine organ, enter the interstitial fluid and then the blood stream

Front 3

How do both neurotransmitters and hormones exert their effects?

Back 3

- binding to receptors on their target cells

- some mediators are both neurotransmitters & hormones

Front 4

The responses of the endocrine system are ___________ and _____________ _______________ than the response to the neurotransmitters.

Back 4

1. slower
2. longer lasting

Front 5

What are the 2 types of glands?

Back 5

1. endocrine
2. exocrine

Front 6

What is an exocrine gland?

Back 6

- secrete products into a duct that carries the secretion to a body cavity or surface

e.g. sudoriferous (sweat), sebaceous (oil), mucous, & digestive glands

Front 7

What is an endocrine gland? What organs are strictly endocrine? (5)

Back 7

- secrete product (hormones) into interstitial fluid which carries it into the blood stream

e.g. pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and pineal

Front 8

What are the organs that serve both an endocrine and other primary function? (13)

Back 8

1. hypothalamus
2. thalamus
3. pancreas
4. ovaries
5. testes
6. kidneys
7. stomach
8. liver
9. small intestine
10. skin
11. heart
12. adipose tissue
13. placenta

Front 9

Down Regulation

Back 9

- if a hormone is present in the blood in excess, target cells may decrease the # of receptors

Front 10

Up Regulation

Back 10

- if a hormone level in the blood is low, target cells may increase the # of receptors

Front 11

Autocrine

Back 11

- hormone that acts locally on the originating cell

Front 12

Paracrine

Back 12

- hormone that acts locally on a neighboring cell

Front 13

What are lipid soluble hormones?

Back 13

- circulate in the watery blood plasma in a free form
1. steroids
2. thyroid hormones
3. nitric oxide

Front 14

What are water soluble hormones?

Back 14

- bound to transport proteins synthesized by the liver
1. amines
2. peptides
3. proteins
4. glycoproteins
5. eicosanoids

Front 15

Synergistic Effect

Back 15

- increased target response to a single hormone in the presence of a second hormone

e.g. epinephrine breaks down triglycerides, but does so much more efficiently in the presence of thyroid hormone

Front 16

Permissive Effect

Back 16

- one hormone is not able to elicit a response at all if another particular hormone is not present

e.g. FSH nor estrogen alone can stimulate the development of oocytes; the presence of both are required

Front 17

Antagonist Effect

Back 17

- one hormone opposes another
- two hormones have opposite effect, to keep balance
- negative control system - keep each other in check

e.g. insulin and glucagon

Front 18

What are the 3 ways hormone secretion is controlled?

Back 18

1. signals from the nervous system
2. chemical changes in the blood
3. other hormones

* negative feedback systems

Front 19

What is the integrating link between the nervous system and the endocrine system?

Back 19

hypothalamus

Front 20

The hypothalamus and the pituitary regulate all aspects of ____________, _________________, _______________, and ____________.

Back 20

1. growth
2. development
3. metabolism
4. homeostasis

Front 21

Where is the pituitary gland located and what are its divisions?

Back 21

location: hypophyseal fossa

1. anterior pituitary (glandular portion)
2. posterior pituitary (nervous portion)
3. pars intermedia (avascular zone in between)

Front 22

What suppresses & stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete its hormones?

Back 22

stimulated by: releasing hormones

suppressed by: inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus

Front 23

Somatotrophs

Back 23

- produced by the anterior pituitary
- human growth hormone (hGH)

- stimulates body growth (via insulin like growth factors)

Front 24

Lactotrophs

Back 24

- produced by the anterior pituitary
- prolactin (PRL)

- stimulates milk secretion

Front 25

Corticotrophs

Back 25

- produced by the anterior pituitary
- adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

- ACTH regulates adrenal cortex

Front 26

Thyrotrophs

Back 26

- produced by the anterior pituitary
- thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

- stimulates the thyroid gland

Front 27

Gonadotrophs

Back 27

- produced by the anterior pituitary
- follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

- regulate activities of the gonads

Front 28

What are the 2 hormones made by the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary?

Back 28

1. Oxytocin (OT) - stimulates contraction of the uterus & ejection of milk

2. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) - stimulates water reabsorption by the kidneys (urinate less)