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218 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Neural Plate
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thickened ectodermal tissue
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Neural Fold
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the neural plate that has an invagination
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Neural Tube
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is formed after the neural fold and is distinct in the fourth week of development
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What are organs of the CNS derived from?
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neural tube tissue
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What forms the quickest after the neural tube is present?
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the anterior portion (which later on becomes the brain vesicles)
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None
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Name the primary brain vesicles
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Prosencephalon,
Mesencephalon, Rhombencephalon |
None
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Name the secondary vesicles of Prosencephalon
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Telencephalon and Diencephalon
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What adult structure comes from Telencephalon
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Cerebrum (cerebral cortex, white matter, and basal nuclei)
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What adult structure comes from Diencephalon
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Thalamus, pineal gland, and hypothalamus (diencephalons)
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Name the secondary vesicle of Mesencephalon
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Mesencephalon
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Name the adult structure of Mesencephalon
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Brain stem (midbrain)
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Name the secondary vesicles of Rhombencephalon
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Metencephalon and Myelencephalon
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What adult structure comes from Metencephalon
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Brain stem (pons) and cerebellum
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What adult structure comes from Myelencephalon
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Brain stem (medulla oblongata)
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Ventricals of the Brain
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hollow, fluid-filled chambers
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What do the ventricals of the brain contain?
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CSF
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CSF
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cerebrospinal fluid
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choroid plexus
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where CSF is formed
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What is CFS absorbed by?
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arachnoid villi
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What lines the ventricals of the brain?
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ependymal cells
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Name the ventricals
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lateral, third, and fourth
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septum pellucidum
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thin membrain that seperates the laterals
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interventricular foramen
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used for communication lines between the laterals and the third
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cerebral aqueduct
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the tube connecting the third and fourth ventricals
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The Ceberal Hemispheres take up how much of the brains total mass
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83%
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Gyri
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elevated ridges the cover the largest and most superior part of the brain
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Sulci
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seperates the gyri with shallow grooves
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Fissures
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seperates the gyri with deep grooves
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Cerebral Cortex
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outter layer of grey matter
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What does the Cerebral Cortex associated with?
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consciousness
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Name the Cerebral Cortex's functional areas
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Motor, Sensory, and Association Areas
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Motor Area
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controls voluntary motor functions
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Sensory Areas
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provides for conscious awareness of sensations
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Association Areas
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Integrates all other information
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Of the Cerebral Cortex, what is composed of white matter?
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Motor and Sensory Areas
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Of the Cerebral Cortex, what is composed of grey matter?
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Association Areas
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Lateralization
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Each hemisphere is concerned with the sensory and motor functions of the opposite side of the body
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Contra Lateral
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Though symmetrical in structure, the two hemispheres are not equal in function
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Name the parts of the brain
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ventricals,
cerebral hemisphere, diencephalon, brain stem, Cerebellum, Limbic System |
None
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Name the parts of the Motor Areas in the brain
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Primary Motor Cortex,
Premotor Cortex, Broca's Area, and Frontal Eye Field |
None
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Where is the Primary Motor Cortex found?
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in the precentral Gyrus of the frontal lobe
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Pyrimidal Cells
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large neurons
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Where are Pyrimidal Cells found?
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in the Primary Motor Cortex
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What does the Primary Motor Cortex control?
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skilled voluntary movements of skeletal muscles
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Where do Pyrimidal Cells extend to?
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their long axons extend down to the spinal cord
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Somatotopy
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spacially mapped
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What part of the brain is considered Somatotopy?
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Primay Motor Cortex
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Where is the Premotor Cortex found?
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anterior to the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe
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What does the Premotor Cortex control?
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learned motor skills that are repeated or patterned
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What controls phsyically multi-tasking? (ex. Patting your head and rubbing your stomach)
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Premotor Cortex
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Where is Broca's Area found?
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anterior to the lower part of the premotor cortex
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What does the Broca's Area control?
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motor speech
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The Broca's Area is only present in one hemiphere, which one?
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most of the time the left
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Where is the Frontal Eye Field found?
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anterior to the premotor cortex and superoir to the Broca's Area
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What does the Frontal Eye Field control?
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voluntary eye movments of the eye
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Name the parts of the Sensory Area of the Brain
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Primary Somatosensory Cortex, Somatosensory Association Cortex,
Visual Area, Auditory Area, Olfactory Cortex, Gustatory Cortex, Vestibular Cortex |
None
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Where is the Primary Somatosensory Cortex found?
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in the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe (immediately behind the primary motor cortex)
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What does the Primary Somatosensory Cortex do?
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the neurons receive information from the somatic sensory receptors in the skin and the proprioceptors in skeletal muscle
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Name an example of Primary Somatosensory Cortex
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When you know what part of your body is being touched (spacial Discrimination)
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Where is the Somatosensory Association Cortex located?
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posterior to the primary somatosensory cortex
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What does the Somatorsensory Association Cortex do?
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it intgrates and analyzes somatic sensory inputs from Primary Somatosensory Cortex to figure out what an item is
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Where is the Visual Area located?
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in the Occipital Lobes
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Name the divisions of the Visual Area
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the Primary Visual Cortex and the Visual Association Center
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Pimary Visual Cortex
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recieves information from retna (color, form, and movement)
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Visual Association Center
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uses past experiences to determine what a stimuli means (face, flower, ect.)
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Where is the Auditory Area found?
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in the temporal lobes
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Name the parts of the Auditory Area
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Primary Auditory Cortex and Auditory Association Area
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Primary Auditory Cortex
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recieves impulses from the ear
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Auditory Association Area
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uses past experiences to determine what a stimuli means (scream music thunder, ect.)
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Where is the Olfactory Cortex located?
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in the frontal and temporal lobe
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Where is the Gustatory Cortex found?
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in the parietal lobe deep in the temporal lobe
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Where is Vestibular Cortex located?
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it's hard to tell; near the ear
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What is Vestibular Cortex used for?
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concious awareness of balance or the position of the head in space
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Of the Sensory Area, what sections are chemical based?
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Olfactory, Gustatory, Vestibular cortex
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Where are the Association Areas located?
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in the cerebrum
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Name the parts of the Association Areas
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Prefrontal Cortex, Gnositc Area, Language Area, and Visceral Association Area
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Where is the Prefrontal Cortex located?
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in the anterior portions of the frontal lobes
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What is the Prefrontal Cortex involved with?
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intellect,
complex learning, planning, concern, and conscience, recall, personality, abstract ideas, and judgement |
None
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What causes personality disorders?
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tumors in the Prefrontal Cortex
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Where is the Gnostic Area found?
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in an undefined area in the temportal, occipital, and parietal lobes
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What is another name for Gnostic Area?
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General Interpertation Area
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How many Gnostic Areas per hemisphere?
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one usually in the left
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What does the Gnostic Area do?
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recieves information from all sensory association areas and integrates the information to form a single thought or unterstanding of the situation
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Where is the Language Area found?
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in the left hemisphere
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Name the parts of the Language Area
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Wernick's Area,
Broca's Area, Lateral Prefrontal Cortex, and Lateral and Ventral parts of the temporal lobe |
None
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What does the Wernick's Area do?
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pervious thought to be associated with the ability to understand written and spoken language; associated with sounding out familiar words
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What does the Lateral Prefrontal Cortex do?
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involved in language comprehension and word analysis
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Lateral and Ventral Parts of the Temporal Lobe
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coordinates auditory and visual aspects of language as when naming objects or reading
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Visceral Association Area
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involved in conscious perception of visceral sensations
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Where is the Cerebral White Matter located?
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deep to the Grey Matter
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What does the Cerebral White Matter do?
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provides communication between cerebral areas and between the cerebral cortex and the lower CNS centers
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What is Cerebral White Matter consisting of?
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myelinated fibers bundled into large tracts classified according to the direction they run
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Name the directions that the fibers run in Cerebral White Matter
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Commisures, Association Fibers, and Projection fibers
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Commisures
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fibers that connect areas of both hemipheres
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Association Fibers
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transmit impulses within different areas of the same hemipheres
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Projection Fibers
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fibers entering the cerebral hemiphere from lower brain or cord centers, and fibers leaving the cortex to travel to the lower areas
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Where do the Projection Fibers cross?
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Medulla Oblongoda
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Basal Nuclei
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islands of grey matter located deep within the white matter
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What is the function of Basal Nuclei?
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control large automatic skeletal muscle contraction and to product dopamine
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Dopamine
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makes actions have a fluid motion
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Name the parts of the Cerebral Hemipheres
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Cerebral Cortex,
Motor Areas, Sensory Areas, Association Areas, Cerebral White Matter, and Basal Nuclei |
None
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Name an example of Basal Nuclei's work
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moving your arms when you walk
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Name the parts of Diencephalon
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Thalamus, Hypothalamus, and Epithalamus
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Where is the Thalamus located?
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superiolateral walls of the third ventricle
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What is thalamus composed of?
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composed of masses of grey matter held together by intermediate mass
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Intermediate Mass
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midline that holds grey matter
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What does the Thalamus contain?
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many nuclei; each project fibers to, and receive fibers from, a specific region of the cerebral cortex
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What is the Thalamus responsible for?
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determining what goes where; acts as a "relay station" to the cerebral cortex
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Where is the Hypothalamus located?
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in the inferolateral walls of the third ventrical
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Infundibulum
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where the hypothalamus meet
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What is suspended in the infundibulum?
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Pituitary Gland
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What is the main visceral control gland?
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The Hypothalamus
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What are the Hypothalamus' homeostatic roles?
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Autonomic Control Center, Emotional Response and behavior,
Body Temp Regulation starts sweating and shivering, Regulates food water balance sleep, and releases hormones that control secretions of the pituitary gland |
None
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Name what the Autonomic Control center controls
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BP HR GI, respiration, pupil size
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Where is the Epithalamus found?
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in the dorsal portion of the diencephalon and forms the roof of the third ventrical
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What does the Epithalamus contain?
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pineal gland and Choroid Plexus
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What does the Pineal Gland secrete?
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melatonin that regulates sleep cycle
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What does Choroid Plexus produce?
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CSF
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Name the parts of the Brain Stem
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midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
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Where is the Midbrain located?
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inferior to the third ventricle and thalamus region
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Name all the parts of the Midbrain
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Cerebral Peduncles,
Cerebral Aqueduct, Nuclei, Substantia Nigra, Red Nucleus |
None
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Cerebral Peduncles
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pyramidal motor tracts
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cerebral aqueduct
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tube that connects the 3rd and 4th ventricle
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Nuclei
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Corpora quadragemina
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Name the parts of the Nuclei
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Superior Colliculi and Inferior Colliculi
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Superior Colliculi
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visual reflexes, head/eye movements
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Inferior Colliculi
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auditory relay, startle reflex
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Substantia Nigra
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contains melanin and regulates subconcious muscle control
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Red Nucleus
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contains iron and hemoglobin and coordinates muscular movements
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Where is the Pons located?
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between the midbrain and the medulla oblongata
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What does the Pons posses?
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conduction fibers between higher and lower brain centers and also between the pons and the cerebellum
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Pneumotaxic and Apneustic
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pons nuclei that are respitory centers that help to maintain respiration patterns
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Where is the Medulla Oblongata located?
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most inferior part of the brain stem which blends into the spinal cord
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Name what the Medulla Oblongata does?
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controls force and rate of heart contraction,
regulates BP by regulating smooth muscle, rate and depth of breathing, vomiting hiccupping swallowing coughing and sneezing |
None
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How much of the bain is Cerebellum?
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11%
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Vermis
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connects 2 bilateral symmetry hemipheres in cerebellum
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Folia
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gyri in Cerebellum
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Arbor Vitae
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pattern of white matter that looks like a tree
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What does the Cerebellum do?
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voluntary muscle contraction,
determines body position, coordinates forces direction and extent of muscle contraction, dispatches blueprint for coordination |
None
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What is another name for Limbic System
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"doughnut shaped area"; emotional brain
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Where is the Limbic System located
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spans large areas around the cerebral hemipheres
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What does the Limbic System connect?
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the old and new brain (lower portion and cerebrum)
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What part of the brain gets motion sickness?
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Cerebellum
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Name the parts of the Limbic System's emotion
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Amygdala and Cingulated Gyrus
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Amygdala
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recognizes angry and fearful expressions and has fear responses
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Cingulated Gyrus
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plays a role in expressing our emotion through gestures and resolving mental conflicts when frustrated
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Hippocampus
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plays a role in the Limbic System helping memory
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Name the types of protections of the brain
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Meninges, Cerebral Spinal Fluid, and Blood Brain Barrier
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Meninges
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connective tissue membranes external to the CNS
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Name the functions of the Meninges
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Cover and protect CNS, protect bloodvessles and enclose venous sinuses, contains CSF, and forms partitions within the skull
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Name the componets of Meninges
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Dura Mater, Pia Mater, Arachnoid Mater
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Dura Mater
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a double membrane that surrounds the brain (superficial)
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Arachnoid Mater
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forms loose brain covering that absorbs CSF
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Pia Mater
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a delicate connective tissue that clings to the brain and in invested with blood
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Name the order of the meninges
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Dura Mater, Subdural Mater, Arachnoid Mater, Subarachnoid Space, Pia Mater
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Cerebrospinal Fluid
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liquid cushion surrounding the brain and spinal cord
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Where is Cerebrospinal Fluid found?
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within the subarachnoid space
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What does the cerebrospinal fluid do?
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aids in supplying nourishment
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What does the Cerebrospinal fluid contain?
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less proteins but more NaChloride, Mg, and H ions than blood
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What is the Cerebrospinal fluid made from?
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choroid plexuses
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Why is there continous circulation in the Cerebrospinal fluid?
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because of the ependymal cells
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Why is there a Blood-Brain Barrier?
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because the extracellular fluids are in constant flux and the neurons would fly uncontrollably
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What is needed in a Blood-Brain Barrier?
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capillaries have thick basal laminia,
continious endothieum with tight junctions making them selectivly permiable, astrocyte's bulbus feet covering many openings |
None
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What passes through the Blood-Brain Barrier?
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Glucose, essential amino acids, and some electrolytes by facilitated diffusion
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What is denied entry through the Blood-Brain Barrier?
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blood-born metabolic wastes, protiens, certain toxins, and some drugs
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When is the Blood-Brain Barrier ineffective?
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against fats, fatty acids, O, and Carbon Dioxide
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What is the only thing that your brain can burn for energy?
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Gluclose
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What is not uniform?
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Blood Brain Barrier
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What is sensitive to changes in blood?
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Middle Brain, Pons, and Medulla Oblongata
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Why are some parts of the brain sensitive to changes in blood?
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Because they are in charge of Homeostasis
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Name the protections and the Coverings of the Spinal Cord
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Meninges (same as in brain but only has one layer of membrane
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Where are the Meninges located in the Spinal Cord?
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in the vertebral foramen
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Name the external anatomy of the spinal cord
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cervical,
lumbar, anterior median fissurre, posterior median sulcus, conis Medularis, Cauda Equine, filum terminale, roots, dorsal foot, ventral foot |
None
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How many pairs of nerves are there?
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31
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Roots
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2 points of attachments for the nerves
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What does the dorsal root contain?
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sensory nerve fibers which includes a swelling that has the cell bodies of sensory neurons
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What does the Central root contain?
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motor nerve fibers
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Name the parts of the internal anatomy
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interior gray matter and white matter, central canal, and tracts
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The Centeral Canal is a continuation of what?
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the 4th ventricle
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Gray matter is divided into what?
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Horns
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White matter is divided into what?
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Columns
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Tracts
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nerve axon bundles that are in white columns
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Name the types of tracts
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ascending and desending (sensory and motor)
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Electroencephalogram
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a device that records electrical brain activity
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Name the types of waves
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Alpha Beta Theta and Delta
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Alpha Waves
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awake but relaxed state
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Beta Waves
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awake but alert state
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Theta Waves
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high imagination (common in children)
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Delta Waves
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deep sleep (coma or anesthesia) and brain damage
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Name the types of Conciousness
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Alertness Drousiness and lethargy Stupor and Coma
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Stupor
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no response when shaken
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Name the types of sleep
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Non Rapid Eye Movement sleep and REM sleep
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Memory
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storage and retreival of information
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stages of memory
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short term memory and long term memory
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things that affect memory
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emotional state, amount of rehearsal, excitement and association with old information
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Epileptic Seizures
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abnormal electric discharges of groups of brain neurons, during which no other messages can get through
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Fainting
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loss of consciousness mostly due to low blood flow
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Fainting (another word)
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syncope
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coma
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total unresponsiveness to sensory stimuli for an extended period
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concussion
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slight brain injury but no permanent neurological damage
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cerebrovascular accident
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stroke or blood flow blocked to the brain
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paralysis (another word)
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paresthesias
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paralysis
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loss of motor function
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cerebral palsy
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neuromuscular disability in which voluntary muscles are poorly controlled or paralyzed as a result of brain damage
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amnesia
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loss of memory
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narcolepsy
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lapsing abruptly into sleep from the awake state
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insomnia
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chronic inability to obtain the amount or quality of sleep needed to function adequately during the day
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sleep apnea
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temporary cessation of breathing during sleep
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meningitis
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inflammation of the meninges
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encephalitis
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inflammation of the brain
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poliomyelitis
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inflammation of the spinal cord caused by a viral infection
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hydocephalus
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accumulation of CSF around the brain (big head baby)
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spina bifida
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incomplete formation of the vertebral arches
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microencephaly
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congenital conditon resulting in a small brain
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anencephaly
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the cerebrum and parts of the brain stem never develop
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parkinson's disease
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neurodegenerative disorder of the basal nuclei involving abnormalities of the neurotransmitter dopamine
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alzheimer's disease
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progressive degenerative disease ultimately causing dementia; associated with Ach shortage and shrinkage of gyri
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Huntington's disease
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fatal hereditary disorder that strikes during middle age and causes massive degeneration of basal nuclei
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