A - Foundations Of Professional Practice Chpt 11

Front 1

* the study of standards of conduct and moral judgment.
* considered to be a branch of moral philosophy.

Back 1

ethics.

Front 2

Philosophy can be defined as:

Back 2

principles underlying conduct, thought, and knowledge.

Front 3

Nursing is governed by:

Back 3

* professional nursing principles.
* moral norms.
* written standards of conduct generally assumed to be based on universal ethical principles that should govern the actions of all nurses.

Front 4

Nurses are frequently faced with the need to make moral and ethical decisions involving:

Back 4

professional responsibility and patient care in both research and practice situations.

Front 5

Ethical decisions that nurses make are influenced by:

Back 5

* professional standards of conduct and care.
* the beliefs and values associated with personally-held worldviews.

Front 6

Beliefs and values are shaped by:

Back 6

* cultural and family background.
* religious or philosophical persuasion.
* beliefs and values of the peer groups identified with.

Front 7

Ethical or moral dilemmas arise when one's personal or professional beliefs and value system are:

Back 7

challenged in some way by a situation that requires the person to adopt different beliefs and values or to act in a way that would be inconsistent with his or her generally accepted worldview.

Front 8

Codes of ethics make explicit the:

Back 8

primary goals, values, and obligations of the nursing profession.

Front 9

When faced with an ethical dilemma, there is usually a need to clarify values through a process called:

Back 9

values clarification.

Front 10

Two ethical nursing codes are:

Back 10

* the American Nurses Association Code of Ethics for Nurses with Interpretive Statements (2001).
* the ICN Code of Ethics for Nurses (2000).

Front 11

Match the health care code with it's identifying characteristic(s):

* requires reporting unethical conduct of other health care personnel.
* requires personal and professional accountability.

Back 11

ANA Code of Ethics for Nurses with Interpretive Statements.

Front 12

Match the health care code with it's identifying characteristic(s):

* concepts in this code relate to the relationship of nurses to patients, coworkers, nursing, practice, and the profession.
* nurses adhering to this code would be sensitive to cultural differences of patients and their families.
* provides a foundation for global ethical practice in nursing.

Back 12

ICN Code of Ethics for Nurses.

Front 13

Match the health care code with it's identifying characteristic(s):

* focuses on public accountability and professional rights and responsibilities.

Back 13

Nursing's Social Policy Statement.

Front 14

Match the health care code with it's identifying characteristic(s):

* given to all patients when they are admitted to a hospital.
* one statement in this code concerns the right to make autonomous or self-determining decisions.

Back 14

A Patient's Bill of Rights.

Front 15

Match the health care code with it's identifying characteristic(s):

* usually posted in nursing homes.
* established in the Nursing Home Reform Act, as part of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (OBRA) of 1987.

Back 15

the resident's bill of rights.

Front 16

Accepting an assignment that a nurse does not feel personally or professionally equipped to handle could be considered:

Back 16

* an ethical violation.
* could also result in legal action if harm comes to a patient.

Front 17

Nurses have a responsibility to:

Back 17

identify and know their own personal and practice limitations.

Front 18

The nursing process is an ongoing and systematic cycle of sequential steps that include:

Back 18

* assessment.
* analysis (diagnosis).
* planning.
* implementation (interventions or strategies).
* evaluation.

Front 19

All steps in the nursing process involve the nurse in critical thinking skills designed to attain expected outcomes and to meet patient-centered goals for:

Back 19

* health restoration.
* health maintenance.
* health promotion.

Front 20

Match the ethical system for decision making with its chief defining characteristic(s):

* greatest good or usefulness (utility) for the greatest number of people.
* Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill were the chief proponents.
* also called consequentialism.
* teleological in nature.
* end or outcome justifies the means.

Back 20

utilitarian ethics.

Front 21

Match the ethical system for decision making with its chief defining characteristic(s):

* based on the writings of the German philosopher Immanuel Kant.
* ethics of duty.
* nature of the actions and the will of the agents are basis for ethical decision making.

Back 21

deontological ethics.

Front 22

Match the ethical system for decision making with its chief defining characteristic(s):

* culture is the primary consideration when making ethical decisions.

Back 22

Leininger's caring ethics.

Front 23

Match the ethical system for decision making with its chief defining characteristic(s):

* concept of transpersonal caring.

Back 23

Watson's caring ethics.

Front 24

Match the ethical system for decision making with its chief defining characteristic(s):

* concept of servanthood is important to nursing and ethics.
* ethics related to the goal of fostering shalom (optimum health).

Back 24

Shelly and Miller's caring ethics.

Front 25

Utilitarianism has been criticized on 3 primary grounds. List them.

Back 25

1. the difficulty in applying it and judging the amount of happiness or usefulness achieved.
2. its unfairness to people who might not benefit or might reap negative consequences from someone else's happiness.
3. its failure to take motives or intentions into consideration when making ethical decisions.

Front 26

Two of the most common ethical theories:

Back 26

* utilitarian ethics.
* deontological ethics.

Front 27

The primary criticism of deontological ethics is that:

Back 27

neither good or bad consequences factor into the decision-making process;
pain or negative consequences may result from a choice decision that is believed to be morally right in and of itself.

Front 28

* the branch of ethics dealing with right action and the nature of duty,
without regard to the goodness or value of motives or the desirability of the ends of any act.

Back 28

deontological ethics.

Front 29

* a theory in normative ethics holding that the proper course of action is the one that maximizes utility,
usually defined as maximizing happiness and reducing suffering.

Back 29

utilitarian ethics.

Front 30

* a set of presuppositions or assumptions about the basic makeup of the world.
* may be true, partially true, or entirely false.
* may be held consciously, subconsciously, consistently, or inconsistently.

Back 30

worldview.

Front 31

* considering predetermined professional standards of conduct for nurses that are expressed in various codes of nursing.

Back 31

values clarification.

Front 32

The primary focus of the nursing process is on:

Back 32

identifying actual or potential problems related to the patient's health status.

Front 33

* a formal ethical system from the 18th century.
* 2 of the chief proponents were Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill.
* also known as consequentialism.
* value of action or greatest happiness.

Back 33

utilitarianism.

Front 34

Utilitarianism (or consequentialism) is an example of a:

Back 34

teleological theory.

(Because the end justifies the means.)

Front 35

One criticism of caring ethics is the:

Back 35

diversity of viewpoints and disagreement among nurse theorists and practitioners about the meaning of caring.

Front 36

Carson (1989) noted that in much of the caring literature,
the focus on "being with" appears to exclude or carry more significance than:

Back 36

"doing for" or doing with".

Front 37

* right to self-determination, especially in research.
*self-law.

Back 37

autonomy.

Front 38

* obligation to do good and no harm.

Back 38

beneficence.

Front 39

* breached if private information given is shared.

Back 39

confidentiality.

Front 40

* being faithful to one's vows or obligations.
* relates to adherence to employment responsibilities.

Back 40

fidelity.

Front 41

* often involves a patient's right to know.

Back 41

informed consent.

Front 42

* quality of being right or correct or to treat fairly.

Back 42

justice.

Front 43

* prohibition from intentionally harming others.
* Tuskegee experiment violated this ethical principle.

Back 43

nonmaleficence.

Front 44

* ethical responsibilities that people are bound to, often in the form of legal contracts.

Back 44

obligations.

Front 45

* principle that governs decisions made for someone by others.

Back 45

standard of best interest.

Front 46

* truthfulness or honesty.

Back 46

veracity.

Front 47

* means fairness or impartiality.

Back 47

equity.

Front 48

The nurse's primary obligation is to:

Back 48

the patient.

Front 49

The principle of justice in general refers to:

Back 49

the rights of others, especially vulnerable patients who must always be treated justly or fairly.

Front 50

Distributive justice in health care situations relates to:

Back 50

the distribution of services and goods.

(i.e. organs for transplantation.)

Front 51

Decisions related to distributive justice are often based on factors such as:

Back 51

age, general health, and potential for life.

Front 52

Whom do nurses have obligations to?

Back 52

patients, employers, coworkers in nursing and other disciplines, themselves.

Front 53

What circumstances might affect a person's ability to make autonomous decisions?

Back 53

Situations in which a patient's right to make autonomous, self-determining decisions may not be in his best interest or the best interest of others.

(i.e. a stroke, a psychological disorder, dementia)

Front 54

List 2 foundational concepts related to bioethical issues in nursing.

Back 54

1. the nature and essence of people.
2. the nature of health.

Front 55

List 5 specific ethical issues in health care related to the 2 foundational concepts regarding bioethical issues in nursing.

Back 55

* abortion.
* stem cell research.
* cloning.
* euthanasia.
* assisted suicide.

Front 56

On what ethical principles are the arguments for and against abortion based?

Back 56

For: the principle of autonomy.

(i.e. a woman has the right to control her own body and the products of her body.)

Against: the nature and essence of what it means to be human.

(i.e. abortion is a violation of the right to life and the sanctity of life.)

Front 57

How do the deontological and the Judeo-Christian caring ethical arguments relate to stem cell research?

Back 57

Human embryonic stem cell research necessitates the destruction of human embryos and is therefore unethical, regardless of its proposed benefits.

Front 58

How do the utilitarian and the humanistic caring ethical arguments relate to stem cell research?

Back 58

Generally favor embryonic stem cell research based on the understanding that the excess embryos would eventually be destroyed anyway or the fetuses would still be aborted, so they should be used to improve the health of others.

Front 59

Therapeutic cloning involves:

Back 59

creating an embryonic clone or a genetic copy of a person.

(The stem cells then might be used to treat diseases.)

Front 60

Proponents of therapeutic cloning argue that cloning:

Back 60

lessens the risk of stem cell rejection from immunologically incompatible cells and that benefits to patients suffering from as yet incurable and debilitating diseases far outweigh concerns about destroying embryos.

(example of utilitarian ethics)

Front 61

Those against therapeutic cloning believe that:

Back 61

taking human life at any stage, even embryonic, cannot be justified under any circumstances, even for health-related gains.

(example of deontological ethics)

Front 62

The Patient Self-Determination Act stipulated that:

Back 62

any facility receiving federal Medicare reimbursement must inform patients about their right to refuse treatment.

Facilities are also required to ask patients if they want an advance directive and to specifically indicate in writing their wishes concerning such things as resuscitative efforts and the institution and withdrawal of supportive and life-sustaining therapies like artificial nutrition and hydration.

Physicians must include specific DNR order in charts.

Front 63

What court case prompted the Patient Self-Determination Act?

Back 63

the Cruzan case.

(the court ruled in favor of Cruzan's parents to remove their daughter's feeding tube based on the standard of best interest.)

Front 64

* occurs when the normal dying process is not interfered with.

Back 64

passive euthanasia.

Front 65

* occurs when one person takes the initiative to deliberately end another person's life by providing the means by which to do so.

Back 65

assisted suicide.

Front 66

* requires that either the patient or someone else take active steps to end that patient's life.

Back 66

active euthanasia.

Front 67

Distribution of health care resources and health care access are often determined by the:

Back 67

ability to pay.

Front 68

What types of people are particularly vulnerable for choosing to forego medical treatment because of the ability to pay?

Back 68

* underinsured.
* uninsured.

(includes the homeless, self-employed, people whose employer does not provide health insurance for employees.

Front 69

* an initiative of the National Institutes of Health.
* its purpose is to identify the full set of genetic instructions contained in cells.
* its goal is to discover new strategies to diagnose, treat, and prevent many diseases.

Back 69

Human Genome Project,

Front 70

Ethics committees or research advisory committees that meet to specifically review research studies are often called:

Back 70

institutional review boards (IRBs).

Front 71

Primary concern of institutional review boards is to:

Back 71

ensure the rights of patients who will be human subjects in research studies are not violated.