A - Foundations Of Professional Practice Chpt 01

Front 1

Nursing:

Back 1

* from Latin word meaning "to nourish".
* in most societies in past decades, most basic nursing care took place in context of nuclear family and was given primarily by women.

Front 2

(AAMN) American Assembly for Men in Nursing:

Back 2

* founded by Luther Christman, Ph.D. (registered nurse).
* purpose: to provide forum for nurses to discuss and influence factors that affect men as nurses.
* objectives: encouraging men of all ages to become nurses, supporting men in nursing to develop professionally, and advocating for research, education, and dissemination of information about men's health issues at local and national levels.

Front 3

Army School of Nursing:

Back 3

* established during WWI (Army Training School).
* graduated 500 nurses in 1921, after 3 years.
* Annie W. Goodrich became dean.

Front 4

Black Death:

Back 4

* bubonic plague.
* swept across Asia, Africa, Europe in 1300's.
* decimated 1/4 of known world population.

Front 5

Bolton act:

Back 5

* Nurse Training Act of 1943.
* U.S. Cadet Nurse Corps was created under this act.
* influenced by Frances Payne Bolton (1885-1977)

Front 6

Comstock Act of 1873:

Back 6

* forbade both dissemination of birth control information and distribution of birth control devices.

Front 7

Dark Ages of Nursing:

Back 7

* early Middle Ages.
* superstition & magic pervaded society.
* early advance in medicine and preventive health care came to standstill.
* urbanization increased.
* communicable disease spread (i.e. cholera & leprosy)
*monastic health services continued to develop and extended into many European countries.
*hospitals known as hotels-dieu (God's houses) were located in France and staffed by sisters and brothers from monasteries.

Front 8

Deaconess:

Back 8

* role emerged in early Christian Church in 1st century A.D.
* chosen by church leadership and focused attention on needs of poor & sick in congregation & community.
* responsible for food, money, prayers, medicine, & basic nursing care.
* Phoebe (Greek who converted to Christianity) was first one.
* prototype for many of today's not-for-profit charity organizations.

Front 9

Ebers papyrus:

Back 9

* oldest preserved medical document in the world.
* dates back to about 1550 B.C.
* discovered in Egypt in the 1870's.
* contains prescriptions for over 700 remedies written in hieratic script.

Front 10

Geneva Convention Treaty:

Back 10

* signed 1864 by representatives of 12 nations.
* stated military hospitals were to be considered safe havens where physicians and nurses could care for wounded of any nation.

Front 11

Geroncomion:

Back 11

* "home for the aged".
* established by Helena, mother of Constantine the Great in Rome.

Front 12

Gulf War Syndrome:

Back 12

* mysterious complex of symptoms that emerged during Persian Gulf War in 1991 - 42-day limited war that U.S. entered after Iraq invaded Kuwait.
* some feel it is attributable to exposure to chemical weapons.

Front 13

Hammurabi"s Code:

Back 13

* 1900 B.C. , Babylonian.
* Included uniform fees for service, objective outcome measurement standards for quality of care, consumer and patient rights, and legal regulation of physicians.
* likened to managed health care.

Front 14

Health Amendments Act:

Back 14

* 1956.
* provided for funds for nurses to pursue advanced preparation for administrative, supervisory, and teaching positions.
* LPN and LVN programs were also expanded.
* several influential postwar nursing studies were conducted.

Front 15

Henry Street Settlement:

Back 15

* called Henry Street Visiting Nurse Service, then changed to Henry Street Settlement.
* first public health (or visiting nursing) service.
* established by Lillian D. Wald and Mary Brewster in 1891.

Front 16

Hippocratic oath:

Back 16

* taken by students graduating from medical school.
* the basis for the Nightingale pledge.

Front 17

Hotels-dieu:

Back 17

* "God's houses".
* hospitals located in cities and towns in France and staffed by members of monasteries.

Front 18

Iatria:

Back 18

Greek precursors to modern outpatient clinics.

Front 19

International Red Cross:

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* largely due to vision of Jean Henri Dunant of Switzerland in 1859.
* Red Cross emblem was sign of neutrality on flags flown over military hospitals.
* formalized by Geneva Convention Treaty.
* 7 universal ideals: humanity, impartiality, neutrality, independence, voluntary service, unity, universality.
* Clara Barton (1821-1912) is person most associated with founding of American Association of Red Cross.

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Kaiserswerth Deaconess Institute:

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* established hospital and 3-year school of instruction for Protestant deaconesses.
* established by Theodor and Friederike Fliedner.
* is considered most significant of early Protestant nursing organizations.
* similar for 1st-century deaconess movement and soon spread to many other countries.
* visited by Florence Nightingale.

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Monasticism:

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* Monastic orders (communities) esablished & grew around 4th century A.D.
* devoted self to God.
* educating children, caring for poor & sick.
* women were sisters or nuns; men were brothers or monks.
* many orders built and staffed hospitals.

Front 22

Mosaic Law:

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*several Old Testament books focus on communicable-disease management through isolation procedures and ceremonial rituals and regulations governing the preparing of, eating of, and abstaining from certain foods.

According to Hebrew belief, God commanded Moses to write these laws down for the people.

Front 23

(NACGN) National Association of Colored Graduate Nurses:

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* established in 1908.
* Mary Eliza Mahoney was influential in establishment and first national chaplain of it.

Front 24

(NOPHN) National Organization for Public Health Nursing:

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* responsible for developing standards for public health nursing and setting up public health courses for nurses in baccalaureate schools of nursing.
* Lillian D. Wald was first president.

Front 25

New England Hospital for Women and Children:

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* first school of nursing in America.
* based on principles from Kaiserswerth.
* founded by New England Hospital for Women and Children in Boston, Massachusetts.
* first graduate (America's first trained nurse) was Melinda Ann (Linda) Richards.

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Nightingale Training School for Nurses:

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* established with monies from Nightingale Fund.
* at St. Thomas's Hospital in London in 1860.
* independent, secular school of nursing.
* unaffiliated with any religious body.

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Nosocomium:

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* "place for the sick"
* first established in 390 A.D. by very wealthy Roman matron, Fabiola.
* first free Christian public hospital founded in Fabiola's palace in Rome, specifically for sick poor.

Front 28

Nursing Training Act of 1964:

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* passed during Vietnam War era.
* made funding available for nursing programs that were accredited by NLN (National League for Nursing) or expected to be accredited in near future.

Front 29

Priest-physicians:

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* from the nation of Israel.
* focused on spiritual needs of the people.
* functioned as public health inspectors.

Front 30

Parish Nurse Movement:

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* 2oth century.
* includes nurses hired by church or volunteer to serve churches by coordinating care for congregation.
* expanded from Catholic & Protestant to Jewish & Islamic faith systems.
* widows over age 60 more important than formal role of deaconess in early care for sick since over marriageable age.
* currently focuses on nursing as a service or call from God to meet health needs in nurses' churches and communities.
* current movement was begun in 1980's by Granger Westberg, a Lutheran minister.
* current movement modeled after early deaconess movements & Protestant deaconess orders developed after Reformation.

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Planned Parenthood Federation:

Back 31

* founder: Margaret Sanger (nurse).

Front 32

Unification model:

Back 32

* Luther Christman, Ph.D., RN, is original unification model.
* stresses need for clinically prepared faculty and clinical competence among students pursuing advanced degrees.
* more recently: focus on research was added.

Front 33

U.S. Army Nurse Corps:

Back 33

* organized by Dorothea Lynde Dix.

Front 34

U.S. Cadet Nurse Corps:

Back 34

* created under Bolton Act (Nurse Training Act of 1943).
* created in response to nursing shortage.
* creation was influenced by Frances Payne Bolton (1885-1977).
* signaled a major change and set precedent in nursing education.

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Wet nurses:

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* women hired to suckle other women's infants.
* addressed in Hammurabi's Code.
* severe penalties (including death and bodily mutilation) if severe injury or death of patient occurred as result of any treatment.

Front 36

Xenodocheion:

Back 36

* early Christian hospitals.
* means "inns for strangers and travelers".
* similar to xenodochia of Hebrews.
* firmly established in 3rd century A.D.
* staffed by members of orders of widows and deaconesses, priests and bishops.

Front 37

Xenodochia:

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* houses for strangers.
* established by Hebrews.
* care for the sick eventually occurred in these houses.
* considered precursors of modern inn and hospital.

Front 38

Clara Barton:

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* superintendent of nurses for Army of the James.
* established an information center to locate missing soldiers after Civil War.
* worked with Red Cross in Germany in 1870.
* first American president of Red Cross.
* ensured Red Cross remained funded by private citizens, rather than government.

Front 39

Frances Payne Bolton:

Back 39

*1885-1977.
* philanthropist, Ohio congresswoman, health care reformer.
* influenced establishment of U.S. Cadet Nurse Corps under the Bolton Act (Nurse Training Act of 1943).

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Mary Brewster:

Back 40

* established the first public health, or visiting nursing, service along with Lillian D. Wald.

Front 41

Catherine of Siena:

Back 41

* cared for sick in hospitals in 1300's.
* organized form early form of ambulance service that consisted of male stretcher bearers to transport sick to hospitals.

Front 42

Luther Christman:

Back 42

* registered nurse.
* founder of American Assembly for Men in Nursing (AAMN).

Front 43

Dorothea Lynde Dix:

Back 43

* 1802-1887.
* originally a teacher and took special interest in education for poor children.
* pursued interest in better care for mentally ill, after suffering a physical breakdown.
* her documentation led to first state-funded psychiatric hospital founded in Trenton, NJ.
* served in Civil War as volunteer nurse.
* superintendent of female nurses of Union army.
* organized first U.S. Army Nurse Corps.
* recruited 100 women volunteers to serve.

Front 44

Lavinia Dock:

Back 44

* 1858-1956.
* nurse suffragette.
* greatly influenced current movement of independent nursing practice that now includes expanded role of nurse as clinical specialist and nurse practitioner.

Front 45

Jean Henri Dunant:

Back 45

* influential in establishment of International Red Cross.

Front 46

Fabiola:

Back 46

* 390 A.D.
* very wealthy Roman matron.
* founded first free Christian public hospital in own palace in Rome specifically for sick poor.
* personally engaged in nursing care, including dressing wounds.
* her hospital was a nosocomium (place for the sick).

Front 47

Theodor and Friederike Fliedner:

Back 47

* 1800-1864.
* Lutheran minister.
* established hospital and school of instruction called Kaiserswerth Deaconess Institute for Protestant deaconesses.
*Kaiserswerth is considered most significant of early Protestant nursing organizations.
* visited by Florence Nightingale.

Front 48

Galen:

Back 48

* most famous Greek physician and surgeon who served Romans.
* left a considerable body of written knowledge about the physiology of the human body.

Front 49

Sairey Gamp:

Back 49

* character in "The Life and Adventures of Marin Chuzzlewit", a novel by Charles Dickens.
* private-duty home care nurse.
* came to work in inebriated state.
* considered prototype of nurses of that era: Industrial Revolution (1700's to 1800's).
* concept of service was replaced by concept of necessity.
* nursing was just a job and a means to earn a meager living.
* formal nursing education was nonexistent for most nurses.

Front 50

Annie W. Goodrich:

Back 50

* Army School of Nursing was established during WWI (Army Training School).
* graduated 500 nurses in 1921, after 3 years.
* Annie W. Goodrich became dean.
* advocated for university-prepared practicing nurses, nurse educators, and nurse administrators.

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Helena:

Back 51

* 250-330 A.D.
* mother of Constantine the Great.
* Christian convert.
* used her wealth to care for poor.
* established hospital for elderly called a geroncomion (home for the aged).

Front 52

Hildegarde of Bingen:

Back 52

*1098-1179 A.D.
* Benedictine nun from Germany.
* trained noblewomen to care for sick in her abbey.
* wrote extensively about causes of, symptoms of, and cures for various diseases at a time physicians were basing practice on horoscope reading.

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Hippocrates:

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* 460-370 B.C.
* son of a Greek priest-physician.
* considered father of modern scientific medicine.
* Hippocratic oath is basis for Nightingale pledge.
* also stressed observation of patients.

Front 54

Imhotep:

Back 54

* one of first recorded physicians in history.
* ca. 2900-2800 B.C.
* a priest-physician.
* after death, was worshiped as the Egyptian god of medicine.

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Jesus Christ:

Back 55

* major influencing factor in history of early nursing was the Christian religion, based on teachings of Jesus Christ.
* "nursing was born in the church".
* parables included early examples of good nursing care (i.e. the good Samaritan).
* ministry of Christians continued, largely under the auspices of local church bodies and denominational mission agencies and with a medical/nursing focus.
* ministry foundations rooted in Old Testament understandings of health, disease, and service to kin & neighbor.
* nurses thought of as physicians' handmaidens.

Front 56

Knights Hospitallers of St. John of Jeruselem:

Back 56

* late Middle Ages (around 11th century).
* male nursing military order.
* built and staffed a hospital in Jerusalem.
* other male orders built hospitals at various points along route of Crusades.
* nursing care given to Christians, Muslims, and Jews.

Front 57

Knights of St. Lazarus:

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* late Middle Ages (around 11th century).
* male nursing military order.
* cared specifically for people with leprosy.

Front 58

Martin Luther:

Back 58

* former monk.
* in 1517, sparked a movement known as "Reformation", which ushered in formation of Lutheran Church & additional types of Protestant churches throughout Europe.
* primary protest = selling of indulgences & pardons by Catholic Church.
* disagreed with many doctrinal beliefs (i.e. authority & infallibility of pope, predominance of Church tradition over authority of scripture).

Front 59

Mary Eliza Mahoney:

Back 59

* 1858-1926.
* graduated New England Hospital for Women and Children in 1879.
* first black nurse to graduate from a U.S. school of nursing.
* influential in establishment of National Association of Colored Graduate Nurses (NACGN) in 1908.
* was NACGN's first national chaplain.
* 1911, administrator of Howard Orphan Asylum for Black Children on Long Island.
* The Mary Mahoney Award, established by NACGN in 1936, is still conferred by American Nurses association (ANA).

Front 60

Catherine McAuley:

Back 60

* founded Sisters of Mercy in 1831 in Ireland.

Front 61

Florence Nightingale:

Back 61

* 1820-1910.
* nursing leader associated with Crimean War.
* founder of modern professional nursing.
* born in Florence, Italy where wealthy parents were traveling.
* believed God called her to care for the sick.
* superintendent of Establishment for Gentlewomen During Illness, a small facility in London that sheltered homeless women and provided nursing care for ill governesses.
* sent by Sir Sidney Herbert, British secretary of war, to Scutari, Turkey to be superintendent of nurses serving war effort in Turkey.
* outlined needed reforms to improve health conditions in the army and introduced need for army nurses.
* suggestion for improved health care, sanitation, nutrition, environmental changes.
* influenced health care of native civilians in India.
* Nightingale Fund: consisted of monies raised to establish a nursing school and was used to found Nightingale Training School for Nurses in London.

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Phoebe:

Back 62

* woman of Greek origin.
* emerged in early Christian Church in 1st century A.D.
* converted to Christianity.
* one of first deaconesses.
* has been called first visiting nurse.

Front 63

Melinda Ann (Linda) Richards:

Back 63

* America's first trained nurse.
* graduate of New England Hospital for Women and Children in Boston, Massachusetts.
* first in class of 5 students enrolled in nursing program.
* kept extensive records about experiences as a student.
* worked at Bellevue Hospital in New York City.
* superintendent of Boston Training School.
* visited Nightingale in England and studied British nursing.
* served as missionary in Japan, where she established first training school for nurses in Kyoto.

Front 64

Lina L. Rogers:

Back 64

* nurse sent out from Henry Street Settlement as first public school nurse in NYC.
* visited 4 schools a day.
* advocated for improved physical conditions and measures to prevent spread of communicable disease.

Front 65

Margaret Sanger:

Back 65

* nurse who worked with poor women on Lower East Side of New York.
* 1912, dedicated to distribution of birth control information (illegal in U.S. based on Comstock Act of 1873).
* established first birth control clinic.
* 1927, helped organize first World Population Conference in Geneva, Switzerland.
* founder of Planned Parenthood Federation.

Front 66

Elizabeth Seton:

Back 66

* established Sisters of Charity in 1809 in Emmitsburg, Maryland.
* was first American religious order.
* was affiliated with order founded by St. Vincent de Paul.
* sisters staffed the Baltimore Infirmary (now the University of Maryland Hospital), acing as ward supervisors and giving basic nursing care and meds.

Front 67

Sisters of Charity:

Back 67

* established by St. Vincent de Paul (1576-1660), a French Catholic priest, to serve the sick poor.
* recruits received theoretical education in principles of caring for the sick and practical experience working in both hospital and home settings.
* order expanded and is still active today in U.S.A. and many other countries.

Front 68

Sisters of Mercy:

Back 68

* founded by Catherine McAuley in 1831 in Ireland.
* members first came to U.S.A. in 1843 and started hospitals that cared for wounded during Civil War.
* established hospitals and homes for unwed mothers; provided care for orphans.
* Catholic Sisters of Mercy, worked on first hospital ship during the Civil War and are considered the first navy nurses.

Front 69

Sojourner Truth:

Back 69

* African American.
* birth name: Isabella Baumfree.
* born a slave in 1797.
* Civil War abolitionist.
* counselor appointed by National Freedmen's Relief Association in 1864.
* worked in Freedman Village in Arlington Heights, Virginia, where she counseled women after Civil War.
* appointed physician at Freedman's Hospital in Washington in 1865.

Front 70

Harriet Tubman:

Back 70

* black abolitionist.
* best known for work in Underground Railroad movement.
* enabled 300 slaves to gain freedom.
* matron at Colored Hospital in Virginia during Civil War.

Front 71

Lillian D. Wald:

Back 71

* 1867-1940.
* -1891 graduate of New York Hospital Training School for Nurses.
* along with Mary Brewster, established first public health (or visiting nursing) service in their home in NYC.
* called Henry Street Visiting Nurse Service, then changed to Henry Street Settlement.
* first president of National Organization for Public Health Nursing (NOPHN).
* focused on need for preventive health measures (i.e. improved sanitation, attention to personal hygiene).
* influential in securing low cost housing on Lower East Side of New York.
* influential in instituting school lunch program in New York public school system.
* advocated for nurses in public schools.

Front 72

Granger Westberg:

Back 72

* Lutheran minister.
* began the current parish nurse movement.

Front 73

Roman Empire:

Back 73

* Had a well-developed focus on public health issues and personal hygiene.
* Military hospitals were numerous.
* Traditional nursing remained the duty of male and female servants and slaves.

Front 74

Renaissance:

Back 74

* "rebirth".
* late 1400's.
* printing press developed.
* common people became more literate.
* scientific knowledge (including medical science) expanded rapidly.
* no significant advances in field of nursing.

Front 75

Henry VIII's reign:

Back 75

* during Protestant Reformation.
* all religious orders in England were suppressed.
* over 600 charitable endowments that had previously supported the poor, elderly, acutely ill, & orphans were confiscated.
* women who converted from Catholicism to Protestantism generally did not work outside the home.
* women were recruited to care for sick in city-run hospitals, but quality of nursing care was poor.
* this era was called "Dark Ages of Nursing".
* many recruits received the assignments in lieu of jail sentences for theft or prostitution.

Front 76

St. Vincent de Paul:

Back 76

* 1576-1660.
* French Catholic priest.
* establish "Sisters of Charity", an order of single young women, to serve the sick poor.
* founded a number of other organizations dedicated to serving the poor, helping them find employment through modern-day equivalent of visiting nurses and social service workers.
* recruited women from his own congregation, often.

Front 77

Early Egyptian culture:

Back 77

* belief in an afterlife prompted care of the body after death.
* disease was generally considered the work of evil spirits.
* Ebers papyrus.
* the office of priest-physician was important.

Front 78

Early Babylonian culture:

Back 78

* disease was generally considered the work of evil spirits.
* Hammurabi's Code.
* wet nurses faced severe penalties if their patients died.

Front 79

Early Hebrew culture:

Back 79

* communicable-disease management was important.
* disease was considered to be related to a break in one's relationship with God.
* Xendodochia.
* the office of priest-physician was important.

Front 80

Early Greek culture:

Back 80

* Hippocratic oath.
* Xenodochia.
* Iatria.
* many medical terms are derived from this culture's mythology.

Front 81

Early Roman culture:

Back 81

* diseases were often associated with this cultures's gods and goddesses.
* the god of healing was Aesculapius.
* military hospitals were numerous in this culture.

Front 82

Two bases of foundations for early Christian health ministry:

Back 82

* teachings of Jesus Christ.
* teachings of Old Testament understandings of health, disease, and service to kin and neighbor.

Front 83

Roles for women that emerged in early Christian Church in 1st century:

Back 83

* deaconess.
* home caregiver.

Front 84

Movement that planted seeds of hospital nursing?

Back 84

* monastic movement
* 4th century A.D.

Front 85

Fabiola was best known for:

Back 85

* founded first free Christian public hospital in Rome for sick poor.

Front 86

Helena was best known for:

Back 86

* established a geroncomion.

Front 87

Catherine of Siena was best known for:

Back 87

* organized an ambulance service in Italy to transport the sick to hospitals.

Front 88

Hildegarde of Bingen was best known for:

Back 88

* wrote extensively about causes of, symptoms of, and cures for disease.

Front 89

Knights Hospitallers of St. John of Jerusalem was best known for:

Back 89

* built and staffed hospital in Jerusalem during Crusades.

Front 90

Knights of St. Lazarus was best known for:

Back 90

cared for people with leprosy.

Front 91

* Dark Ages.
* increase in urbanization.
* spread of communicable diseases.

Back 91

Early Middle Ages

Front 92

* male nursing orders developed to care for crusaders and others.
* renewed interest in culture.

Back 92

Late Middle Ages

Front 93

In late 1400's, a classical revival in both literature and arts began to take place in Europe that ushered in a new modern era called the:

Back 93

Renaissance.

Front 94

During this period of history, the common people were becoming more literate, scientific knowledge expanded rapidly, but the field of nursing saw no significant advances.

Back 94

Renaissance.

Front 95

In 1517, a former monk, Martin Luther, sparked the:

Back 95

Reformation.

Front 96

During this period of history:
* many monastic orders ceased to exist in countries that became predominantly Protestant.
* nuns and monks lost their positions in hospitals.
* women who had converted to Protestantism did not work outside the home.
* women were recruited to care for the sick in city-run hospitals, but quality of care was poor.
* many women recruits received assignment of hospital nursing in lieu of serving jail sentences for theft or prostitution.

Back 96

The Middle Ages, called the Dark Ages of Nursing.
Renaissance and Reformation.

Front 97

Period in history which:
* began in England around 1750.
* a time of scientific progress.
* a time of monumental problems R/T economy and health.
* a time of massive changes in the work world.
* people left family farms and moved to cities to work with machinery that replaced work previously done by hand.
* overcrowded living and working conditions.
* poor sanitation and inadequate ventilation.
* epidemics were common (i.e. cholera, smallpox, typhus).
* many homeless orphans.

Back 97

Industrial Revolution.

Front 98

* character in a Dickens novel.
* prototype of nurse in mid-1800s.
* came to work inebriated.

Back 98

Sairey Gamp.

Front 99

* established order of nuns in Maryland affiliated with Sisters of Charity.
* the Sisters acted as ward supervisors and gave basic nursing care and medications.

Back 99

Elizabeth Seton.

Front 100

* founded the Sisters of Mercy.
* members of order started hospitals and cared for wounded during American Civil War.

Back 100

Catherine McAuley.

Front 101

Explain "nursing was born in the church, but raised in the military".

Back 101

* history of nursing is grounded in religious and spiritual beliefs and motivations, but frequently advanced as profession during and immediately after periods of war.

Front 102

Identify the war.
* first navy nurses served in this war.
* following this war,hospital-based nursing schools proliferated.

Back 102

Civil War.

Front 103

Identify the war.
* the British secretary of war asked Florence Nightingale to go to Scutari and be superintendent of nurses in this war.

Back 103

Crimean War.

Front 104

Identify the war.
* army nurses were first American women to be dispatched to combat zones in this war.
* first war to utilize mobile army surgical hospitals (MASH units).

Back 104

Korean War.

Front 105

Identify the war.
* exposure to chemical weapons during this war are believed to have created a mysterious complex of symptoms in returning soldiers.

Back 105

Persian Gulf War.

Front 106

Identify the war.
* Catholic nuns gave the only formal nursing care during this war.

Back 106

Revolutionary War.

Front 107

Identify the war.
* saw beneficial effects of improved technology.
* many male nurses served in this war.
* Nurse Training Act of 1964 was passed during this war for NLN-accredited nursing programs.
* nurses in this war treated many children suffering from skin and intestinal diseases.

Back 107

Vietnam War.

Front 108

Identify the war.
* 20,000 nurses were sent by American Red Cross to serve in this war.
* Army School of Nursing was formed during this war.

Back 108

World War I.

Front 109

Identify the war.
* 20% of nursing workforce served overseas and created an acute nursing shortage in the U.S.
* federal funding went directly to nursing schools rather than hospitals during this war.
* first war i which black students were heavily recruited.
* flight nursing developed during this war.
* following this war, the Health Amendments Act funded preparation for administrative, supervisory, and teaching positions.

Back 109

World War II.

Front 110

Identify the person:
* first president of American Red Cross.

Back 110

Clara Barton.

Front 111

Identify the person:
* focus was on care of mentally ill.

Back 111

Dorothea Lynde Dix.

Front 112

Identify the person:
* major contribution to war effort was improved sanitation and nutrition.

Back 112

Florence Nightingale.

Front 113

Identify the person:
* helped establish U.S. Cadet Nurse Corps through the Nurse Training Act of 1943.

Back 113

Frances Payne Bolton.

Front 114

Identify the person:
* nurse best known for work with Underground Railroad.

Back 114

Harriet Tubman.

Front 115

Identify the person:
* established International Red Cross.

Back 115

Jean Henri Dunant.

Front 116

Identify the person:
* institute of study for Protestant deaconesses that included nursing training.

Back 116

Kaiserswerth.

Front 117

Identify the person:
* nurse suffragette who influenced current movement for independent nursing practice.

Back 117

Lavinia Dock.

Front 118

Identify the person:
* established first public health, or visiting nursing, service in Manhattan.

Back 118

Lillian D. Wald.

Front 119

Identify the person:
* founder of Planned Parenthood.

Back 119

Margaret Sanger.

Front 120

Identify the person:
* first black nurse to graduate from a school of nursing in the U.S.

Back 120

Mary Eliza Mahoney.

Front 121

Identify the person:
* considered America's first trained nurse.

Back 121

Melinda Ann (Linda) Richards.

Front 122

Identify the person:
* first school of nursing in America.
* based on Kaiserswerth principles.

Back 122

New England Hospital for Women and Children.

Front 123

Identify the person:
* worked in the Freedman's Village in Arlington Heights, Virginia.

Back 123

Sojourner Truth.

Front 124

Identify the person:
* known in nursing education for the unification model.

Back 124

Luther Christman.