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67 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Two factors that have highlighted the need for improved nursing education in the past?
1. wars
2. various epidemics

(often associated with poor sanitation and crowded living conditions)
List the primary categories of influences on health care today?
1. social
2. cultural
3. spiritual
4. economic.
5. legislative.
Role change:
changes, alterations, or shifts in traditional family structure.
List role changes that occurred in the second half of 20th century.
1. single-parent families.
2. both parents working households.
3. adolescent parents.
4. stay-at-home fathers.

(cultural shift in past 30 years R/T male and female role expectations.)
List demographic changes in the late 20th century that have affected health care in general and nursing in particular.
1. increased aging population.
2. increased burden on long-term facilities due to a rise in number of people with dementia.
3. more older children caring for elderly parents.
4. population shift to urban centers.
5. increased population of under/uninsured people.
6. improved and new technology.
7. greater immigrant population.
8. closure of small rural hospitals.
9. increased economic pressure on hospitals to downsize.
10. rise in cost of health care.
11. older nurse workforce.
12. under-served low-socioeconomic populations.
Two nursing movements that:
* have developed in more recent years.
* can help meet needs of people in under-served rural and urban areas.
1. nurse practitioner movement.
2. parish nurse (or congregational health) movement.
NPs in rural and urban areas work as:
primary care nurses.
Parish nurses in rural and urban areas work as:
health counselors, health teachers, and advocates to ensure that health care is available and accessible.
Health problems related to lifestyle changes include:
1. rise in substance abuse, especially among adolescents.
2. rise in violence, including child and older-adult abuse.
3. rise in STDs and spread of AIDS.
4. rise in eating disorders (overeating and under-nutrition).
5. rise in communicable diseases like tuberculosis.
It is important for nurses/physicians to ask patients during initial assessments about any OTCs or alternative medicines or any complementary treatments they are using because:
* patients often fail to mention these.
* drug interactions can occur.
Cultural healers treat people in their cultures by:
* using traditional remedies to treat or cure.
* these might consist of herbal ingredients.
* these might be accompanied by ritual when associated with a religious belief system.
Significance of religious sanctions or restrictions on health care is:
* these are very important to many people and may affect compliance.
* these may direct the practitioner to a different method of health care that is acceptable to the patient, increasing compliance.
List examples of religious sanctions and restrictions that might affect health care.
* Seventh-day Adventists are strict vegetarians.
* Jehovah's Witnesses usually refuse blood transfusions.
Three primary societal changes that occurred in America in the last decade of the 20th century are:
1. role changes.
2. changing demographic patterns.
3. rise in incidence of certain health problems R/T changing lifestyle patterns.
Characteristics of a population:
demographics.
Today, most nurse are over the age of:
40.
Today there is a growing need for nurses with acute care hospital skills to work in:
1. hospitals.
2. nursing homes.
3. home care settings.
The people who have suffered most from closure of small hospitals are:
1. the poor.
2. the elderly.
3. those with physical and mental disabilities.
The first significant increase in the number of hospitalized patients in two decades was:
* a 3 % rise from 1999 to 2002.
In the 1700s and 1800s, primary health issues were epidemics like:
* cholera.
* diphtheria.
* typhus.
List 3 factors that have contributed to a rise in diseases like TB that were once nearly eradicated.
1. increase in homeless population.
2. increase in poverty.
3. increase in AIDS.
High-risk behaviors that are contributing factors to the development of AIDS include:
* homosexuality.
* bisexuality.
* having multiple sexual relationships.
* drug abuse that involves contaminated needles.
A group of about 30 different diseases that can be passed from one person to another by sexual contact:
* STDS.

examples:
* gonorrhea (bacterial infection).
* chlamydia (most common STD).
* HIV and AIDS.
* hepatitis B.
Overeating can predispose people to illnesses like:
* diabetes.
* heart disease.
Contributing factors to overeating include:
* America's fast-food culture.
* all-you-can-eat buffets.
Control of feelings:
* stoicism.

Very valued in some cultures.
Therapies considered out of the mainstream of traditional or conventional health care:
* alternative therapies.
* complimentary therapies.
Office of Alternative Medicine (OAM):
* created by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in 1993.
* created to investigate effectiveness of various unconventional medical practices (alternative medicine).
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM):
* established by Congress in 1998.
*
Types of alternative therapies include:
* biofeedback.
* chiropractic.
* herbal medicines.
* vitamin therapy.
* massage.
* acupressure.
* acupuncture.
* Ayurveda.
* chelation therapy.
* homeopathic medicine.
* Native American medicine.
* traditional Oriental medicine.
* reflexology.
* Rolfing.
* therapeutic touch.
* Qi Gong.
* neuromagnetic stimulation.
* electroacupuncture.
* Curanderism (type of Mexican-American folk healing).
* alternative or complementary faith-related inbterventions.
Match the health care team member with the defining characteristic(s):

* licensed to practice medicine.
* may be board-certified primary care providers.
physicians.
Match the health care team member with the defining characteristic(s):

* generally give direct nursing care to medically stable patients.
* main job description involves direct bedside care.
* often supervise nursing assistants in nursing home settings.
LPNs/LVNs.
Match the health care team member with the defining characteristic(s):

* focus of training is on technical nursing skills.
* main academic setting is the two-year college.
* main job description involves direct bedside care.
RNs (associate degree).
Match the health care team member with the defining characteristic(s):

* graduates of traditionally hospital-affiliated schools.
* main job description involves direct bedside care.
RNs (diploma graduates).
Match the health care team member with the defining characteristic(s):

* the only nurses with an undergraduate degree who are able to work as public health nurses.
* training emphasizes the nursing process, including assessment and diagnosis.
RN (baccalaureate degree).
Match the health care team member with the defining characteristic(s):

* considered an advanced practice role for nurses.
* may have prescriptive authority under the supervision of a physician.
Clinical nurse specialists (CNSs).
Match the health care team member with the defining characteristic(s):

* considered an advanced practice role for nurses.
* may have prescriptive authority under the supervision of a physician.
NPs (nurse practitioners).
Match the health care team member with the defining characteristic(s):

* primarily involved in direct care or in assisting people with activities of daily living (i.e. eating, bathing, toileting).
* require certification and ongoing continuing education to maintain certification.
UAP (unlicensed assistive personnel).
Match the health care team member with the defining characteristic(s):

* help patients regain fine motor skills.
* would assist a person who is learning to cook after an arm amputation.
O.T.s (occupational therapists).
Match the health care team member with the defining characteristic(s):

* developed as a profession following WWI.
* help people improve mobility.
* would help a patient walk with parallel bars after a stroke.
P.T.s (physical therapists).
Match the health care team member with the defining characteristic(s):

* help patients and their family members negotiate the health care system.
social workers.
Match the health care team member with the defining characteristic(s):

* provide nutritional services and teaching for patients and their families.
dietitians.
Match the health care team member with the defining characteristic(s):

* primary focus is on addressing the spiritual needs of patients and their families.
chaplains.
NCLEX stands for:
National Council Licensure Examination.
LPNs have their own organization, the:
National Federation of Licensed Practical Nurses (NFLPN).
BSN (Bachelor of Science in Nursing) is usually the minimum requirement for:
public health nurses and school nurses.
* requires that all nursing assistants working in nursing homes be certified.
* entails classroom education, nursing home experience, and a final clinical and written exam.
* to maintain certification, requires complying with mandatory in-service education requirements.
Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (OBRA) of 1987.
* an idea or insight about how or why something works.
* concrete and personal, or complex and related to the world in general.
* having considerable evidence to support some general principle(s) that can explain the operation of a certain phenomenon.
* Per Barnum, 1994: a construct that accounts for or organizes some phenomenon.
* provides an organizing framework for all 3 aspects of nursing (research, practice, and education).
theory.
Nursing theory:
* guides and directs nursing practice.
* is continually being tested by nurses.
Examples of "borrowed theories" are:
* Hans Selye's stress theory.
* Erik Erikson's developmental theory.
* Maslow's hierarchy of needs.
Most comprehensive nursing theories include a set of assumptions about the nature of 4 basic components:
1. the human being.
2. the environment.
3. health and illness (or the health-illness continuum).
4. nursing.
A worldview is a:
set of presuppositions or assumptions about the basic makeup of the world.
Match the theorist with their defining characteristic(s):

* coauthor of Textbook of the Principles and Practice of Nursing.
* theory is based on developmental needs similar to Abraham Maslow's hierarchy.
Virginia Henderson.
Match the theorist with their defining characteristic(s):

* developed the theory of culture care.
* first nurse to systematically define and focus on caring.
* theorist with a Ph.D. in anthropology.
Madeline Leininger.
Match the theorist with their defining characteristic(s):

* energy conservation and renewal based on the second law of thermodynamics.
* theory is based on energy conservation principles.
Myra E. Levine
Match the theorist with their defining characteristic(s):

* believed that nurses' role is to identify potential stressors and strengthen lines of defense.
* theory is based on systems theory.
Betty Neuman.
Match the theorist with their defining characteristic(s):

* first nursing theorist.
* theory is considered humanistic and environmental.
Florence Nightingale.
Match the theorist with their defining characteristic(s):

* believed that nursing roles are wholly or partially compensatory or educational and supportive.
* theory acknowledges self-care deficit.
Dorothea Orem.
Match the theorist with their defining characteristic(s):

* defined six roles for nurses: stranger, resource person, teacher, leader, surrogate, and counselor.
* promoted nursing that helps patients change patterns that obstruct goal achievement.
* theory is called an interpersonal theory.
* theory is based on models of verbal interaction seen in psychiatry and psychology.
* author of Interpersonal Relations in Nursing: A Conceptual Frame of Reference for Psychodynamic Nursing.
Hildegard Peplau.
Match the theorist with their defining characteristic(s):

* developed the science of unitary human beings.
* theory is based on concept of energy fields.
* theory supports various alternative therapies like therapeutic touch.
Martha Rogers.
Match the theorist with their defining characteristic(s):

* believed that people must adapt to a changing external and internal environment in order to be healthy.
* theory focuses on adaptation.
* theory includes regulator and cognator mechanisms.
Sister Callista Roy.
Match the theorist with their defining characteristic(s):

* care based on concepts of shalom and salvation.
Judith Allen Shelly and Arlene B. Miller.
Match the theorist with their defining characteristic(s):

* author of Nursing: Human Science and Human Care; A Theory of Nursing.
* established the Center for Human Caring at the University of Colorado.
* theory supports various alternative therapies like therapeutic touch.
* view of caring is Eastern metaphysical in nature.
* wrote about carative factors in nursing.
Jean Watson.
* first journal to promote research.
* published in 1952.
Journal of Nursing Research.
Thermodynamics is :
the branch of physics that is concerned with laws governing heat production, changes, and conversion into other types of energy.
In 1970, the Lysaught report, a report by the National Commission for the Study of Nursing and Nursing Education, laid the groundwork for a greater emphasis on:
clinically oriented research with a strong theory base.
An adaptive response is:
anything that has a positive influence on the health and well-being of people.