9Th Grade World History Ancient India, Hinduism, And Buddhism

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Raja

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the governor of small independent states and territories that acted as military leaders, lawmakers, and judges.

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Epics

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long poems based on historical or religious themes.

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Caste System

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a complex form of social organization that begin to take shape after the Indo-Aryan migration.

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Varnas

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social classes appearing in Indian society.

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Monism

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the belief in the unity of God and Creation.

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Maya

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the illusion of the world created in the Hindu religion.

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Reincarnation

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the belief that souls will be reborn.

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Nirvana

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the perfect peace that souls who grow spiritually can reach.

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Polytheistic

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based on a belief in many gods.

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Polygyny

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the practice when men are allowed to have more than one wife in ancient India.

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Suttee

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a practice where widows committed suicide by throwing themselves on top of their husbands’ flaming funeral pyres.

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Inoculation

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the practice of infecting a person with a mild form of a disease so that he or she will not become ill with the more serious form.

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Indo-Aryans

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Nomadic tribes of people who began to cross the Hindu Kush Mountains into northwestern India. They came north of the Black and Caspian Sea.

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Vedas

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The Indo-Aryans’ great works of religious literature. These were written in epic form and were stories about mythical creatures.

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Sanskrit

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The Indo-Aryan language; scholars who learned how to write it and used it to record the Vedas.

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Brahmins

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The special priests who knew the proper forms and rules; these people wrote Sanskrit. They were part of the highest or second highest level of the caste system.

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Upanishands

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Where the teachings – Vedanta – are collected. They were made in the Vedic period and were created to explained the Vedas.

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Bhagavad Gita

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the sacred ‘song of God’ composed in about 200 BC and incorporated into the Mahabharata (a Sanskrit epic).

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Siddhartha Gautama

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He was Buddhism’s creator - the Buddha. Born in about 563 BC in north India; at 29 he learned of life's troubles. He searched for truth/meaning; he sat under a tree and felt the truth that forms life's basics.

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Chandragupta Maurya

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He was a powerful inventor; she established Mauryan Empire and built a palace at Pataliputra on Ganges River. He conquered all of N.W. India up to Hindu Kush.

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Asoka

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was a Gupta ruler; was Chandra Gupta’s grandson; he came into power in 270 BC. He fought bloody battles to increase the size of his kingdom. He spread Buddhism into China, Nepal, etc.

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Chandra Gupta II

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was a Gupta ruler from AD 374-415 (the golden age). He was the strongest ruler of Gupta; made a great progression in the arts.

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Panchatantra

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It was the “Five Books” that were fables from the Gupta period. The stories taught such traits as adaptability, shrewishness, and determination and influenced stories from other countries.

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Nalanda

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It was famous Buddhist University located in eastern Ganges Valley. It became the center of higher learning during the time of the Guptas; thousands of students attended for free.

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Arybhata

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It was a mathematician who was born in late AD 400s. He was one of the first people to use algebra and also learned how to solve quadratic equations.

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The Three Paths

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(1) Rarmamarga – the path of works and action
(2) Jnanamarga – the path of knowledge and philosophy
(3) Bhaktimarga – the path of devotion to God.

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The Four Stages of Life

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(1) Brahmacharga – school years, growing and learning
(2) Grhastha – marriage, family, and career
(3) Vanaprastha – turn attention to spiritual things
(4) Sangrasu – abandoning the world to seek spiritual things.

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The Four Purposes of Life

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(1) Darma – fulfill moral, social and religious duties
(2) Artha – attain financial and worldly success
(3) Kama – satisfy desires and drives in moderation
(4) Moksha – attain freedom from reincarnation.

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Vishnu

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A major God, the protector of the world and the restorer of moral order (dharma), also called “all-pervading.” [lady with conch]

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Shiva

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The “destroyer” and one of the chief deities. His name means “Auspicious One.” [lady doing the dance of life]

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Ganesha

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The man/elephant (elephant faced), clears away life’s obstacles. [elephant in a funny pose]

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Devi

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She was the mother goddess of vertility, had many arms, symbolized a mother. [lady with many arms in a pointy hat]

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The Swastika

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It is the symbol of good fortune and the Son of God Suria, is a right hand swastika.

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Pratik

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It is the image of symbol of god.

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Om

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It is the first sound ever to have been made on the earth, made by a conch shell, has a soothing way about it, is used for meditation.

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Bindi

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It is a red dot worn between the eyebrows marking the location of the third eye, the eye of inner vision or spiritual wisdom.