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201 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The orbit contains _____, ____, ____, & ____.
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eyeball, muscles & nerves that supply eyeball, & lacrimal apparatus
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The 4 margins of the orbit are _____, _____, _____, & ____.
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supraorbital; lateral; infraorbital; medial
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The supraorbital margin is formed by ______.
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frontal bone
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The lateral margin is formed by ______.
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zygomatic
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The infraorbital margin is formed by ______.
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zygomatic & maxillary bones
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The medial margin is formed by ______.
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frontal process of maxilla & a little bit of lacrimal bone
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The roof of the orbit is formed by ______ & ______.
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orbital plate of frontal bone & and some lesser wing of sphenoid posteriorly
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The floor of the orbit is 1º formed by the _____. The ___ & ___ contribute a little.
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orbital surface of maxillary bone; zygomatic bone & palatine process
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The lateral wall of the orbit is formed by _______.
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greater wing of sphenoid & zygomatic bone
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The medial wall of the orbit is formed 1º by the _____, and somewhat by the _____.
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orbital plate of ethmoid bone (thin!, also called lamina papyracia), & lacrimal bone
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Which one of the orbital walls is the only one that is thick?
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LATERAL
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What are the fissures through which objects enter & exit the orbit?
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optic canal; sup. & inf. orbital fissure; ant. & post. ethmoidal foramina; lacrimal gland
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The optical canal transmit CN ___ & ____ artery.
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CN II (optic nerve); opthalmic artery
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The opthalmic artery is a branch of _______.
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the INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY
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The _____ separates the roof from lateral wall of the orbit.
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superior orbital fissure
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_______ lies b/tw the greater & lesser wings of the sphenoid bone.
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The superior orbital fissure
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The superior orbital fissure connects with the ____ cranial fossa.
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middle
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The superior orbital fissure transmits which MOTOR nerves?
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CN II, IV, VI
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The superior orbital fissure transmits which SENSORY nerves?
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V1 (opthalmic nerve)
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The ____ vein, which drains the orbit, passes through the orbit.
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opthalmic
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The ______ separates the floor and the lateral wall.
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inferior orbital fissure
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The inferior orbital fissure allows the orbit to communicate with ____ & ___.
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infratemporal fossa & pterygopalatine fossa
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The inferior orbital fissure transmits ____.
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infraorbital nerve, artery, & vein
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The infraorbital nerve is a continuation of the ______.
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MAXILLARY NERVE (V2)
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The maxillary nerve (V2)changes its name to infraorbital when it enters _____.
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inferior orbital fissure
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The infraorbital artery is a branch of ______.
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maxillary artery
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The zygomatic nerve is a posterior branch of ____ that comes off and enters orbit.
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V2 (maxillary nerve)
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The zygomatic branch is 1º a _______ nerve innervating skin of face & temple.
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cutaneous
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The infraorbital nerve, artery, & vein run in the ___ before emerging thru ___.
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infraorbital groove (floor of orbit); infraorbital fossa
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The ____ are found on medial wall of the orbit, close to jxn of frontal & ___ bones.
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anterior & posterior ethmoidal foramina; ethmoid
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The anterior & posterior ethmoidal foramina transmit _______.
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anterior & posterior ethmoidal nerves & vessels
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The anterior & posterior ethmoidal nerves are branches of the _____ nerve.
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V1 (opthalmic)
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The fossa for the lacrimal sac is formed by ____ & ___ bones.
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lacrimal & maxillary
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The lacrimal gland lies in the ______ corner of the orbit in a ____ of frontal bone.
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anterior, superolateral corner; small depression
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Where does the nasolacrimal canal (w/duct) begin & end?
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begins: floor of orbit
ends: nasal cavity |
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Where is the common tendinous ring found?
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In the apex of the orbit
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The nasociliary nerve is a branch of ____ & passes through ____.
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V1; superior orbital fissure
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Superiorly, the orbit may be related to _______.
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frontal air sinus (frontal bone forms orb. plate, which is roof of orbit)
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The front of the brain lies on what structure?
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orbital plate of the frontal bone
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____ separates the floor of the orbit from the maxillary sinus (inferiorly).
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A thin plate of bone
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A blowout fracture occurs _____ & may cause the eye to _____, causing what?
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floor of orbit; sink into maxillary sinus, causing double vision
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Double vision is also refered to as ______.
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diplopia
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Infections from the maxillary sinus can spread through _____.
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the floor of the orbit--affects orbital contents
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Tiny spaces in the ethmoid bone are also called _____.
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ethmoidal air cells (infections may arise here)
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A very thin medial wall of the orbit may be a potential danger because _______.
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when cleaning/irrigating ethmoidal air cells, optic nerve may be damaged due 2 thin wall
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The lateral wall of nose, sometimes used for __, is associated w/what cranial fossa?
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surgery; middle cranial fossa (which contains temporal lobe)
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The _____ part of the retina is the part with the photo-receptors (rods & cones).
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optic
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_____ converges at the optic disk (optic papilla).
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A layer of ganglion cell axons
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After converging at the optic disc, the axons turn ____ & constitute the OPTIC n.
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posteriorly (leave retina)
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There are no rods or cones in the _______; therefore, it is called the ______.
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retina; blind spot
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Developmentally, the retina is an outgrowth of ______.
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the brain
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Since the retina is an outgrowth of the brain, the optic nerve is considered __.
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nerve tract (connects one part of brain with another)
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The retina is surrounded by how many layers of meninges?
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all 3
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The _____ & _____ are contained within the optic nerve.
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cerntral artery & vein of the retina (they therefore pierced all 3 menin. layers)
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The outer sheath of optic nerve is formed by ____; inner sheath formed by ____.
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outer: dura & arachnoid mater;
inner: pia mater |
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Extension of subarachnoid space that surrounds optic nerve is called ______ space.
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intervaginal (subarachnoidal)
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The intervaginal space of the optic nerve contains _____.
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CSF
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If CSF pressure rises (i.e. brain tumor), what can be compromised?
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optic nerve
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The central vein of the retina is very vulnerable to _______. Why?
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CSF pressure; it's thin-walled & can be easily compressed
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Increased pressure will cause ______ to swell.
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optic disc
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Swelling of the optic disc/papilla is a.k.a. _______.
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papilledema
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Papilledema could be a diagnostic sign related to ____.
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brain tumors & intracranial pressure increase
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The optic nerve is ___ (GVA, GVE, SVA, SVE....).
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SSA Special Somatic Afferent
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What are the 2 sets of muscles in the eye?
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intrinsic & extrinsic
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Intrinsic muscles of the eye are _____ muscle & under ____ control.
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smooth; involuntary
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The _____ is the white of the eye.
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sclera
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The lens is a ______ shape.
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biconvex
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The ciliary body of eye contains the ______.
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ciliary
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The ciliary is attached to the lens by ______.
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ciliary zonule (a.k.a. suspensory ligament of the lens)
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What does the contraction of the cilary muscle do to the ciliary zonule (susp. lig.)?
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RELAX the tension in ciliary zonule (susp. lig. of lens)
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What does the contraction of the cilary muscle do to the lens?
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allows it to BECOME MORE SPHERICAL in shape; & in turn SHORTENS FOCAL LENGTH
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What does the contraction of the cilary muscle do to one's vision?
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allows you to focus on nearby objects; process called ACCOMODATION
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When looking at objects far away, describe the shape of the lens.
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FLATTENED (ciliary zonule tension is tighter)
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The iris of the eye contains which 2 muscles?
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sphincter & dilator muscles of pupil
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The contraction of _____ causes the pupil to become smaller & constrict.
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sphincter pupili
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The pupil is dilated by the ______.
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dilator pupili
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The _____ muscle allows less light to reach the eye. How?
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sphincter pupili; it contracts & constricts pupil
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_____ = making pupil smaller;
_____ = making pupil larger; |
myosis;
mydriasis (hint:myosis is shorter word) |
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The sphincter, dilator, & ciliary muscles are all under ______ control.
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AUTONOMIC
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The ______ & _____ are under parasympathetic control.
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sphincter & ciliary muscles
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The dilator pupili muscle is under _____ control.
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sympathetic
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The cell bodies of PS, presynap. neurons of eye are in ______.
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midbrain (Edenger-Westphal nucleus/Accessory Oculomotor nucleus)
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The axons of PS, presynap. cell bodies leave in CN ___.
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3 (oculomotor)
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When CN 3 enters the orbit, it gives off ____ branch.
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oculomotor root of ciliary ganglion
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Presynap. fibers of PS travel in oculomotor root & go to _____ ganglion.
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ciliary
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Synapse of PS fibers for intrinsic eye muscles occurs in ____.
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ciliary ganglion
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Postsynap. fibers (PS) from ciliary ganglion travel thru _____ to reach the eyeball.
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SHORT ciliary nerves
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Short ciliary nerves travel in the ___ of the eyeball to reach ____ & cause constriction.
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wall; sphincter pupili & ciliary muscle
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Presynap. symp. neurons are found in ______.
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lateral horns of T1-T3
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Presynap. symp. neurons leave the spinal nerves via ____ & ascend to ______.
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white rami comunicantes;
cervical sympathetic trunk |
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Synapse of intrinsic eye muscle sympathetic neurons occurs in _____.
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superior cervical ganglion (uppermost ganglion at base of skull)
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Postsynap. symp. neurons travel up ______ and form ____ plexus.
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internal carotid artery (ICA); IC plexus
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SOME ICA fibers (postsyn. symp.) leave IC plexus & travel w/____.
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V1
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Where does V1 lie?
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in the dura mater of the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus
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V1 (w/ SOME postsyn. symp. fibers) enters the ORBIT & gives off ______ nerves.
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LONG ciliary
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The LONG ciliary nerves convey ______ fibers to the eyeball, which do what?
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postsynaptic sympathetic (only some from the IC plexus); DILATE eyeball
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SOME postsyn. symp. neurons travel along the __ artery & exit ciliary ganglia via ____.
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opthalmic artery;
sympathetic root |
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The postsyn. symp. fibers pass that pass thru ciliary gang use __ to reach dilator pupila.
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SHORT ciliary nerves
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All postsynaptic, sympathetic fibers will involve the _____ plexus.
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IC (Internal Carotid)
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LONG ciliary nerves contain ______ neurons (postsynaptic PS or sympathetic?).
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SYMPATHETIC ONLY
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SHORT ciliary nerves contain ______ neurons (postsynaptic PS or sympathetic?).
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BOTH PARASYMPATHETIC AND SYMPATHETIC
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The extrinsic muscles of the eye are under ____ control. What action do they have?
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VOLUNTARY; move eyeball & eyelids
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Levator palpebrae superioris inserts into ______.
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skin of upper eyelid & superior tarsal plate
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The levator palpebrae superioris is innervated by _____.
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CN3 (oculomotor nerve)
It's a striated muscle |
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The _____ muscle also elevates the eyelid.
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superior tarsal
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The superior tarsal is under ____ control by _____ fibers.
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autonomic; sympathetic
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The superior tarsal is ____ muscle that inserts into _____.
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smooth;
superior tarsal plate |
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If there is damage to the oculomoter n., _____ may result.
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drooping of eyelid (ptosis)--caused by paralyis of sup. tarsal or lev.palp. sup.
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The optic nerve takes a _____ course, allowing for what?
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wavy; free movement of the eyeball
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The 4 rectus muscles of the eye are ____, ____, ____, & _____.
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superior, inferior, lateral & medial
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The rectus muscles all originate from ____.
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comon tendonous ring (common annular ring)
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The rectus muscles pass ___. Then, they diverge & insert into ______.
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anteriorly; anterior part of sclera, just behind jxn w/ cornea
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There are ____ oblique muscles. What are they?
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2; superior, inferior
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The superior oblique originates ____ & inserts into _____.
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sphenoid bone (post. orbit); posterior lateral portion of sclera
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The superior oblique starts post. & runs along ____ wall.
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medial
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Along the medial wall, the sup. oblique passes through a cartilaginous pulley, ____.
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trochlea
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After passing over the trochlea, the sup.oblique runs ___ & attaches into ___.
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posteriolateraly; lateral part of sclera
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When the sup. oblique is contracted, _____ is its functional origin.
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trochlea
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The inferior oblique arises from ____ & inserts into ____.
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anterior medial floor near lacrimal canal; sclera (it runs posterolateral)
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Which extrensic eye muscle has a totally distinct origin?
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inferior oblique
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When is the eye in primary position?
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when looking at a distant object
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The orbital axis passes from ____ to ____.
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apex of orbit to base of orbit
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The eyeball has 3 major axes that move & are perpindicular--what are they?
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vertical, transverse, anterior-posterior
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____ & ____ occur on the vertical axis.
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ABduction & aDduction
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The _______ muscles cause aDduction. (hint: pass medially to axis)
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medial rectus, superior rectus, inferior rectus
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The _______ muscles cause aBduction. (hint: cross axis on lateral side)
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lateral rectus, superior & inferior OBLIQUES
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____ & ____ occur on the transverse axis.
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Elevation & depression
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___ & ____ cause elevation.
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Superior rectus & inferior oblique
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___ & ____ cause depression.
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inferior rectus & superior oblique
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____ & ____ occur around the anterior-posterior axis.
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Intorsion & extorsioin
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In _____, the superior pole of the eye moves ____ midline.
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intorsion; towards
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In _____, the superior pole of the eye moves away from ____.
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extorsion; away from midline
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___ & ____ muscles are responsible for intorsion of eye.
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superior oblique; superior rectus
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___ & ____ muscles are responsible for extorsion of eye.
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inferior oblique; inferior rectus
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Intorsion & extorsion come about when you ____ your head & the eyes _____.
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tilt; converge & move in concert to one another
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How do you get elevation of eyeball (contraction of what muscles)?
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superior & inferior RECTUS & OBLIQUE muscles (they all cancel each other out)
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If the eye is already aDducted, what muscle causes elevation of eyeball?
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inferior oblique
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Why is the inferior oblique a good elevator when eye is adducted?
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B/c the pull of it is directly perpindicular to transverse axis
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If the eye is aBducted, ____ is what elevates it.
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superior rectus
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The innervation of the eye can be thought of as SO_, LR_, R__
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SO4; LR6; R3
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The SO (superior oblique) is innervated by _____
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CN4-trochlear
hint: it's the only muscle to pass thru trochlea |
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The LR (lateral rectus) is innervated by ____.
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CN6-abducent
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CN6 runs through _____, & is found on the ____ side of the lateral rectus muscle.
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superior orbital fissure; MEDIAL side of LR!
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Injury to the abducent nerve will cause _____.
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eye to turn inward (b/c LR is paralyzed & tone of MR takes over to cause aDduction)
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Paralysis of any eye muscle will result in _____.
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diplopia (double vision)
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Besides the SO & LR, all other extrensic eye muscles (R) are innervated by ____.
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CN3-oculomotor
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CN3 splits into ___ & ___ before entering the superior orbital fissure.
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superior & inferior divisions, but both enter the sup. orbital fissure
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The superior division of CN 3 innervates ___ & ____.
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superior rectus & levator palpebrae superioris
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The inferior division of CN 3 innervates ___, ____, & ____.
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inferior rectus, inferior oblique, & medial rectus
(hint: IIM) |
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The ____ is the connective tissue lining of the orbit.
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periorbita
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The sensory nerves to the orbit are branches of ____.
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V1 (opthalmic nerve)
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V1 arises from _____ in the _____.
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trigeminal ganglion; middle cranial fossa
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After leaving ganglion, V1 travels toward supra orbital fissure embedded in ______.
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dura mater of the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus
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V1 is what kind of nerve? (G, S, V, E, A...)
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GSA--purely sensory
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It's possible for ___ fibers from int. carotid plexus to join V1 & innervate ___?
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sympathetic; dilator pupili
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_____ ciliary nerves originate from V1.
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SHORT
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LONG ciliary nerves originate from _____.
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CN3 (through oculomotor root going to ciliary ganglion)
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Before V1 enters opthalmic fissure, it splits into what 3 terminal branches?
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NFL-nasociliary; frontal; lacrimal
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The frontal nerve is more or less a continuation of the _____. Where is it found?
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opthalmic nerve; just above levator palpebrae superioris
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The frontal nerve splits into _____ (more medial) & ______ (more lateral).
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supratrochlear (medial)
supraorbital (lateral) |
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The supraorbital branch of the frontal nerve splits into ____ & ____ branches.
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medial & lateral branches
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The supraorbital & supratrochlear nerves are _____ & supply ______.
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General Sensory; skin of upper eyelid, forehead, & scalp
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Apart from skin, the supraorbital nerve also innervates the lining of ___.
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the frontal air sinus
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The lacrimal nerve runs on the ____ wall of the orbit above what muscle?
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lateral; lateral rectus
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The lacrimal nerve runs to the ______, and also has a ____ branch.
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lacrimal gland
palpebral branch (innervates skin of eyelid) |
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Before the lacrimal nerve reaches lacrimal gland, it picks up ____ fibers.
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PARASYMPATHETIC
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The PS (post-synaptic) fibers that join lacrimal nerve come from ______.
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the zygomatic nerve
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The nasociliary nerve runs obliquely,___-___(med./lat), just ___ to the optic nerve.
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lateral to medial; just SUPERIOR
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The nasociliary nerve gives off _____ ciliary nerves (long or short?).
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LONG ciliary nerves
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Long ciliary nerves have ___ fibers that go to the eyeball for _____ .
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GSA; general sensation, NOT pain!
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If you touch the cornea, it's painful b/c of what nerve?
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long ciliary nerves from nasociliary
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The long ciliary nerves have post-synaptic sympathetics in them from ______ (where?).
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internal carotid plexus (they're going to the dilator pupili
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Anterior & posterior ethmoidal nerves come off of ______.
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NASOCILIARY
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The anterior & posterior ethmoidal nerves leave the orbit through ________.
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anterior & posterior foramen
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What do the anterior & posterior ethmoidal nerves innervate together?
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mucosa lining of ethmoidal air cells
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What does the anterior ethmoidal nerve innervate?
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gen. sensation in nose; then emerges on nose & supplies skin of lower external nose
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The anterior ethmoidal nerve is a terminal branch of the ___ that enters the ______.
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nasociliary; nasal cavity
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When the anterior ethmoidal nerve exits the nose, it is called the _______.
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external nasal nerve
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Another terminal branch of the nasiciliary is the _____.
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infratrochlear nerve
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What does the infratrochlear nerve innervate?
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lacrimal sac; general sensation for skin on upper 1/2 of nose
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The ______ is the chief blood supply of the orbit.
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opthalmic artery
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The opthalmic artery is a branch of _____, which lies in the ______.
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internal carotid artery (ICA); middle cranial fossa
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How does the opthalmic artery enter the orbit?
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With optic nerve through optic canal
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The opthalmic artery runs obliquely (lateral to medial), parallel to ______.
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nasociliary nerve
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The opthalmic artery gives off numerous branches, namely ____ & _____.
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orbital & ocular branches
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The ____ branches of the opthalmic artery supply the eye itself.
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ocular branches
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The posterior ciliary arteries (ocular branch of opthalmic a.) supply ______.
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the eyeball
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The most important ocular branch of the opthalmic artery is ______.
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central artery of the retina
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The central artery of the retina pierces the ____ & is sole arterial supply to ___.
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optic nerve;
retina |
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The orbital branches of the opthalmic artery include ___, ___, ____, ____, & ____.
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lacrimal, supratrochlear & supraorbital, ethmoidal, muscular, dorsal nasal aa
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The lacrimal artery of the opthalmic goes to the ______.
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lacrimal gland
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The supratrochlear & supraorbital aa. of opthalmic supply the _____.
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forehead/scalp
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The ethmoidal arteries of opthalmic supply blood to ______.
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nasal cavity
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The muscular branches of the opthalmic supply ______.
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muscles of the orbit
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The dorsal nasal artery of the opthalmic supplies the _________.
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dorsum of the nose
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The superior & inferiro opthalmic veings drain the orbit into ___ (posteriorly).
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cavernous sinus
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_____ veins drain the choroids of the eye. They drain into the _____.
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vorticose veins;
opthalmic vein |
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Anteriorly the opthalmic vein communicates with _____.
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angular vein
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The communication between angular vein & opthalmic vein is a path for ______.
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spread of infection from the face to the cavernous sinus
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The inferior opthalmic vein communicates with the _____ through the _____.
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pterygoid venous plexus; inferior orbital fissure
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The pterygoid venous plexus is a way that _____ can spread.
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infection
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