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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Second Industrial Revolution
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was a period of time of rapid frowth in U. S. manufacturing in the late 1800's.
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Bessemer Process
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was a process that was a quick, cheap way to make steel by blasting through melted iron to quickly remove waste material
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Thomas Edison
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person who created the lightbulb and investigated the practical uses of electricity
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patents
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an exclusive right to make or sell an ivention
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free enterprise
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a term that means the government usually does not interfere with business
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entrepreneurs
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people who start new businesses, had a lot of freedom and many opportunities
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corporations
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businesses formed by entrepreneurs
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Andrew Carnegie
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- invested in iron mills and bridge building
-involved in steel industry |
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John D. Rockerfellar
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-involved with oil industry
-largest oil refinery |
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vertical intergration
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owning the businesses involved in each step of a manufacturing process
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horizontal intergration
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owning all the businesses in a certain field
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trust
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a grouping together of a number of companiesunder one board of direectors
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Social Darwinism
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-survival of the fittest
-some whealthy business leaders argued that it was the poor persons responibility to work hard for a better life -others claimed that it was the wealthy's duty to aid the poor |
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philanthropy
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giving money to the needy
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Sherman Antitrust Act
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law that outlawed monopolies and trust that restricted trade
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How did steel processing change in the 1850s, and what effect did this change have on the population and economy of the United States?
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Because of steel processing, immigration was common, population increased, and poeple could afford steel for their personal needs becasue of the Bessemer Process.
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What new source of power became available in the late 1800s, and how were they used?
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Oil
- engines, machinery Petroluem & Kerosine - cooking, home lighting Electric - light, heat air, communications |
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Did all business leaders become philanthropist?
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Eventually all businessmen became philanthropist because they were pressured by others to donate money.
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How did antitrust feelings lead to the Sherman Antitrust Act?
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They were the people who proposed it.
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What development occured in the steel, oil, and electric power industries during the Second Industrial Revolution?
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-engines
-car -plane -lightbulb -electric stove |
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Period in the late 1800s when U.S. manufacturing experienced rapid growth and made the nation the world's industrial leader
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Second Industrial Revolution
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Invented a quicker and less expensive way to make steel
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Henry Bessemer
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Designed railroad passenger and sleeping cars that made long-distance travel more comfortable
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Pullman
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Railroad owner who consolidated smaller railroad companies and improved railroad services in cities
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Vanderbilt
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Cooking, heating, and lighting fuel made by refining crude oil
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kerosene
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Exclusive right to manufacture or sell an invention
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patent
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Invented an engine powered by gasoline
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Nick Otto
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Designed and built a gasoline-powered airplane
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Wright Brother
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Inventor who patented the telephone
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Alexander Grham Bell
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Inventor whose research team created a workable electric lightbulb
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Edison
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collective bargaining
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when workers worked together
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Knights of Labor
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a union set up during an economic downturn in 1870's and accepted anyone, skilled or unskilled, to work
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American Federation of Labor
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-Gompers lead
-AF of L only selected skilled workers -limited membership |
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Haymarket Riot
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Event that occurred in Chicago, Illinois, when workers met to protest the deaths of two strikers killed earlier by police:
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anarchist
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people who oppose all forms of government
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Pullman Strike
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-cut the wages of people who were left
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Replaced many skilled workers
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machines
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Person who performed time-and-motion studies in order to standardize worker activity
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Fredrick W. Taylor
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Formed to improve working conditions
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labor unions
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When union leaders negotiate on behalf of all workers in a particular factory or industry
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collective bargining
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Leader of the Knights of Labor who turned it into the first truly national labor union in the United States:
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Terence V. Powderly
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Well-known female union organizer
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Mary Harris Jones
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Labor union that organized individual national unions into a loose association
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American Federation of Labor
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old immigrants
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-settled outside cities
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new immigrants
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-moved into cities
-attracted by jobs |
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steerage
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an area below deck on a ship lower levels near wher the steering mechanisms for the ship were located
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benevolent societies
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offered help in cases of death, sickness, and unemployment
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Chinese Exclusion Act
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law that banned Chinese people from coming to the U.S. for 10 years
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Immigration Restriciton League
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league wanted all immigrants to prove that they could read and write in some language before being allowed into the country
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suburbs
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neighborhoods outside of downtown areas
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settlement houses
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neighborhood centers in poor areas staffed by professionals and volunteers
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Urban population grows dramatically in the late 1800s
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-Economic opportunities encourage poor laborers to move to cities
-Many rural residents move to cities to escape agricultural hardships -African Americans from the rural South begin moving to northern cities in the 1890s seeking to escape discrimination and to find better economic oppurtuinities |
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New technology transforms city life in the late 1800s
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-Using lower-cost steel and steam-powered safety elevators, architects build skyscrapers, which makes city centers more densely populated.
-Cities build mass transit systems such as elevated railways, subways, cable cars, trolleys, and streetcars to ease congestion |
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City residents respond to some of the challenges of growth
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-Crowded conditions lead many middle-class residents to move to the suburbs, while a lack of affordable housing leaves the poor crowded into dangerous tenements
-Cities create permanent police forces and hire full-time firefighters. -City residents form benevolent societies, churches, unions, and settlement houses to provide needed services -Public parks, libraries, museums, and department stores create public spaces that improve the quality of life |
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National Grange
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social and educationalorganization dedicated to improving farmers lives
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Interstate Commererce Act
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law passed which provided consistant national regulations on trade between states
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Insterstate Commerce Commission
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created to ensure that railroads charged fair rates and did not favor big shippers
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free coinage
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both gold and silver were made into coins
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gold standard
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under which only gold could back up U.S. currency
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From 1860 to 1900, the U.S. population more than _______________, and the number of farms increased to feed the growing population.
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doubled
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The combination of more farms and greater productivity in the late 1800s led to overproduction and _______________ prices for crops.
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lower
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The National Grange was founded by _______________ and several government clerks as a social and educational organization for farmers
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Oliver Kelly
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CALL TO FREEDOM
CHAP 19-20 REVIEW |
CALL TO FREEDOM
CHAP 19-20 REVIEW |
