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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How many kcal/g of energy released for fat, sugar, and protein?
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fat- 9, sugar and protein- 4
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What are the reduced equivalents for glycerophosphate shuttle and malate shuttle?
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cystolic NADH-->mitochondrial FADH2
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What inhibits glycolysis?
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ATP citrate
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What is the key enzyme for the pentose phosphate shunt?
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glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase
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What is the key enzyme of fat mobilization?
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hormone sensitive lipase
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What is the key enzyme of lipid synthesis?
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acetyl-CoA carboxylase
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What is the key enzyme for cholesterol synthesis and ketone body synthesis?
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HMG coA reductase
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What is the effect of phosphorylation in fat metabolism?
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activates breakdown and inhibits synthesis
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What are the key enzymes of citric acid cycle?
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pyruvate dehydrogenase and citrate synthase
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What are some examples of bile acids?
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glycocholate and taurocholate
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What examples of androgens?
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testosterone, andrstenedione, DHEAS
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What is an example of gestagen?
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progesterone
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What is released from zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, and zona reticularis?
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zona glomerulosa--aldosterone, zona fasciculata--cortisol, zona reticularis--testosterone, DHEAS
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What do the leydig cells in the testes produce?
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testosterone (converted to estrogen, progesterone is converted to aldosterone and cortisol)
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What do men produce peripherally?
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testosterone gets converted into ESTROGEN and DHT
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What do the theca cell in the ovary produce?
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testosterone (which gets converted into estrogen)
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What do the granulosa cells in the ovary produce?
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testosterone and estradiol
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What do women produce peripherally?
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estrogen-->estradiol
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What does the corpus luteum produce?
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progesterone
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What is the effect of a 17-alpha hydroxylase deficiency?
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reduced progesterone thus reduced testosterone and estrogen, (one of the first enzymes in this pathway)
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What are the S/S of 17-alpha hydroxylase deficiency?
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men-- ambiguous genitalia (no testosterone) women--primary amenorrhea at puberty (no estrogen)
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What is the effect of 21-alpha-hydroxylase deficiency?
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lack of aldosterone and cortisol and INCREASED DHEA (produced into androgen and estrogen) **second enzyme in the pathway
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What are the the S/S of 21-alpha hydroxylase deficiency?
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male: precocious puberty (increased DHEA) female: ambigous genitalia (increased DHEA)
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What is the effect of 11-beta hydroxylase deficiency?
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excess androgens (lack of aldosterone and cortisol)
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What are the S/S of 11-beta hydroxylase deficiency?
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male: early puberty female: ambigous genitalia
salt retention: hypertension, hypo-kalemia **increased androgens |
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What processes (fat, sugar, and protein) does insulin promote?
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fat synthesis, sugar uptake, protein synthesis
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What processes (fat, sugar, and protein) does glucagon promote?
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fat lysis, sugar gluconeogenesis, protein synthesis
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What processes (fat, sugar, and protein) does GH promote?
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fat-lysis, sugar-gluconeogenesis, protein synthesis
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What processes (fat, sugar, and protein) does cortisol promote?
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fat lysis, inhibits fat uptake, protein degradation
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What processes (fat, sugar, and protein) does epinephrine promote?
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fat lysis, sugar increased uptake, glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis
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What are the 2 purines?
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adenine and guanine
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What are the 3 pyrimidines?
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uracil, cytosine, thymine
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What is the dz that inhibits salavage of purine synthesis?
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lesch-nyhan--purine bases cannot be salvaged and all are degraded to uric acid-->gout
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What drug inhibits thymidine synthesis?
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5-fluorouracil
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What are the units in bacteria that control gene expression?
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operon- operational unit, promoter, operator, repressor- prevents transcription, regulator gene-codes for repressor
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How is gene expression regulated in humans?
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transcription factor (binds to TATA box), inducers- activates or inactivates genes, enhancers-
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