6Th Grade Earthquakes Test

Front 1

Stress

Back 1

A force that changes the shape or volume of something

Front 2

What are the three types of stress?

Back 2

compression, tension, and shearing

Front 3

Describe compression.

Back 3

Force that pushes things together. It causes the item under compression to fold or break.

Front 4

Describe tension.

Back 4

Force that pulls things apart. It causes the item under tension to thin in the middle.

Front 5

Describe shearing

Back 5

Force that causes things to slide past each other while still slightly colliding. It causes the items under shearing to break and slide.

Front 6

Faults

Back 6

places where stress occurs, it is commonly plate boundaries

Front 7

What are the three types of faults?

Back 7

normal fault, reverse fault, the strike-slip fault

Front 8

Describe a normal fault.

Back 8

A normal fault occurs at a divergent boundary. In this case, the hanging wall slides down the foot wall, vice versa. You can find shearing here also. These are found in Rio de Grande rift valley in New Mexico.

Front 9

Describe a reverse fault.

Back 9

A reverse fault occurs at a convergent boundary . In this case, the hanging wall slides up the foot wall, vice versa. You can find shearing here also. These are found in western United States and Canada.

Front 10

Describe a strike-slip fault.

Back 10

A strike-slip fault occurs at a transform boundary. In this case, the two sides of the rocks slide past each other. You can find compression and sometimes tension here also. These are found in the San Andreas fault in California.

Front 11

What are Anticlines and Synclines?

Back 11

An anticline is an upward fold caused by compression. A syncline is a downward fold caused by compression. These are found in the Himalayas in Asia and the Alps in Europe.

Front 12

Fault block mountain

Back 12

2 normal faults roughly parallel and when Strike slip faults and compression occurs here, the earth in the middle of the two faults moves up causing this. These are found in the Great Basin.

Front 13

Plateau

Back 13

a large area of elevated land, above sea level, caused by forces of stress. These are found in the four corners; Utah, Arizona, Colorado and New Mexico.

Front 14

Describe earthquakes

Back 14

It is a movement of plates after there is breakage of rock. They happen all the time, but most you can't feel because the plate doesn't move that much. They begin in the lithosphere and are up to 100km down.

Front 15

Focus

Back 15

place where the breakage of rock occurs, an the earthquake begins

Front 16

Epicenter

Back 16

an area on the surface directly above the focuss

Front 17

What are the three types of Seismic waves?

Back 17

Primary, P, or compression waves, s waves, and surface waves

Front 18

Describe a primary wave.

Back 18

A primary wave is the fastest type of wave, but also the weakest. The wave moves strait, but the particles move from side to side. It can travel through water and land.

Front 19

Describe a secondary wave.

Back 19

A secondary wave is the second fastest type of wave, and the wave moves strait, but the particles move up and down.It can travel through land, but not water.

Front 20

Describe a surface wave.

Back 20

A surface wave is the slowest type of wave, but also the most destructive. It is formed when P and S waves reach the surface and combine. The wave moves strait, but the particles move in a circular direction.

Front 21

What are the three types of scales?

Back 21

The Mercalli scale, the Richter scale, and the Moment magnitude scale are the three types.

Front 22

Describe the Mercalli scale.

Back 22

The Mercalli scale has 12 numbers for ratings. It is the least commonly used scale for measuring earthquakes because the ratings would be different the farther away you are from the epicenter, and how earthquake stable the buildings are in an area.

Front 23

Describe the Richter scale.

Back 23

The Richter scale is measured using a seismograph, but if the earthquake is too big, the needle recording could go off the paper.

Front 24

Describe the Moment Magnitude scale.

Back 24

The Moment Magnitude scale is the most commonly used scale, because it is the most effective. It uses 3 types of evidence to determine the scale: the size of the rock that broke, how much the plate moves, and a seismograph. Each difference in the scale going up is 32 times as powerful. Any earthquake below 3 isn't felt.

Front 25

How do you locate the epicenter?

Back 25

1) You measure the difference between the arrival of the P wave and the S wave
- the farther away you are from the epicenter, the bigger the difference
2) You multiply this number by the P wave's speed
3) Using your info, and the info from other recording stations, you draw circles on a map
- the center of the circle is the recording station
- the radius of the circle is the length between the epicenter and the recording station
4) Where the circles meet is the epicenter

Front 26

What is magnitude?

Back 26

Magnitude is how much energy was released by the earthquake. Each difference in the scale going up is 32 times as powerful. Any earthquake below 3 isn't felt.

Front 27

seismogram

Back 27

the recording made by a seismograph

Front 28

Name the 4 instruments that measure faults.

Back 28

There is the creep meter, the tiltmeter, the laser-ranging device, and GPS Satellites.

Front 29

Describe the creep meter.

Back 29

The creep meter measures horizontal movement, and it uses a wire stretched across a fault to measure horizontal movement in the ground,. on one side of a fault, the wire is attached to a rod in the ground, and on the other a weight. Scientists detect how much the fault has moved by how much the weight has moved.

Front 30

Describe the tiltmeter.

Back 30

The tiltmeter measures vertical movement, and it uses two bulbs filled with liquid connected by a hollow stem. if the land tilts slightly, the liquid will move from one bulb to the other. A measuring scale shows how much the fault has moved, and in which direction.

Front 31

Describe the laser-ranging device.

Back 31

The laser-ranging device measures horizontal movement, and it uses a lazer beam and a reflector. by how much the beam moves, s how much the plate has moved.

Front 32

Describe the GPS satellites.

Back 32

The GPS satellites measures horizontal movement, elevation changes, and tilt of the land, and it uses a GPS receivers across the fault. When the fault moves, the GPS satellite can detect it.

Front 33

How does the shaking effect the people in the earthquake area?

Back 33

The shaking can trigger landslides and avalanches, and it can damage or destroy buildings and other items. You sometimes can feel the small P wave, and if you do, you have 10 to 15 seconds to duck and cover before the larger S wave comes. If you can clearly feel the P wave, you know that it's going to be a huge earthquake.

Front 34

How does the liquefaction effect the people in the earthquake area?

Back 34

The liquefaction is when the dirt sinks and the water rises. All of a sudden, the housing is on unstable ground, like a pond, and it can destroy buildings as well as the shaking.

Front 35

How do the after shocks effect the people in the earthquake area?

Back 35

Aftershocks can occur days after an earthquake and gradually get less effecting.

Front 36

How does the tsunamis effect the people in the earthquake area?

Back 36

Tsunamis are the most damaging to the land, and housing. A tsunami is stronger if the earthquake occurs underwater, but land earthquakes can cause them too.