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160 Cards in this Set
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- Back
Lifeline Definition |
Rope used for rescue or as an emergency escape for firefighters. |
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Breaking Strength Definition |
The load rope is under when it fails. |
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Tensile Strength Definition |
The resistance of a material to a force tending to tear it apart, measured as the maximum tension the material can withstand without tearing. |
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The maximum load suggested for safe use of rope, usually a fraction of the breaking strength |
Working strength |
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the ration between the breaking strength and the working strength |
safety factor |
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a load resulting from rapid change of movement, such as impacting, jerking, swinging or falling of static loads. |
impact/shock load |
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rope to be used for hoisting of small tools and appliances or anchoring of ladders and hoselines |
handline |
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_____ _____ rope is used to support rescuers and or victims during actual incidents or training |
Life Safety |
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the Standard on Life Safety Rope and Equipment for Emergency Services |
NFPA 1983 |
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NFPA ____ defines life safety rope as "rope dedicated solely for the purpose of constructing lines to be used for the ___ , ___ , or ___ people during rescue, firefighting or other emergency operations. |
1983 raising lowering supporting |
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4 things rope manufacturers have to provide |
Use criteria inspection procedures maintenance procedures criteria for retiring life safety rope |
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life safety rope can be reused if it is/has not: |
visibly damaged show abrasions been exposed to high temps been impact loaded exposed to chemical liquids, solids, gases, vapors
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any life safety rope that does not pass inspection must be: |
Destroyed immediately |
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"destroyed" means it must be ____ in some way that it cannot be mistaken for ___ ___ rope |
altered life safety |
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rope subjected to ___ ___ must have an entry in its log because there is no way to tell by inspection that it has been ___ ___ |
Impact loaded impact loaded
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___ ___ is used in instances where rope is required but does not support rescuers or victims in any way. |
utility rope |
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utility rope is used for: 3 things |
hoisting equipment securing unstable objects cordoning off areas |
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industry standards exist concerning the ___ ___ of utility rope |
physical properties |
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no standards set forth for ___ rope ____. |
utility applications |
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utility rope must be regularly ___ for ____ |
inspected damage |
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two types of rope materials |
natural fiber synthetic fiber |
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___ ___ rope is no longer accepted for use in life safety applications, only as ___ ___ |
natural fiber utility rope |
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natural fiber rope was the primary type of rope used for rescue until the ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___. |
last half of the 20th century |
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the natural fibers are ___ ___ to form ___ |
twisted together strands |
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natural fiber ropes can be weakened by ___ and deteriorate with ___, even when properly stored |
mildew age |
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the materials that fall into natural fiber include ___ , ___, and ___. |
manila sisal, cotton |
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___ Hemp is imported from the philippines and made from the fibers of the ___ plants |
manila abaca |
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manila hemp was the standard FD rope until: |
late 1980s |
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___ ___ or ___ ___ grade is the highest quality manila rope and can be identified by the ___ ___ woven into the rope |
type 1 number 1 colored tracer |
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a wet ___ rope can absorb ___ ___ of its weight in water |
manila 50 percent |
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sisal rope is made from the fibers of the ___ |
agave plant |
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sisal rope has ___ ___ less tensile strength than manila rope of similar ___ |
25 percent diameter |
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sisal rope ___ when wet |
swells |
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___ ___ is made from the seed hairs obtained from the cotton ___ |
cotton rope boll |
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___ ___ less tensile strength than the manila fiber ropes of similar ___ |
50 percent diameter |
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___ ___ rope is the preferred rope for life safety applications |
synthetic fiber |
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synthetic ropes have a high ___ ___ ___ ratio |
strength to weight |
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synthetic ropes of ___ making up the rope that are ___ from end to end |
fibers continuous |
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synthetic fiber ropes are more resistant to ___ and ___ and do not ___ or ___ quickly |
rotting and mildew age or degrade |
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synthetic fiber ropes ___ much less water and can be ___ and ___ |
absorb washed dried |
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synthetic ropes have greater ___ ___ absorbtion |
shock load |
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two disadvantages of synthetic fiber ropes |
prolonged exposure to UV light or exposure to acids or alkalis can damage or decrease life expectancy
highly susceptible to abrasion or cutting |
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the primary synthetic materials are ___, ___,___, and ___. |
nylon polypropylene polyethylene polyester |
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nylon is strongest for ___ and ___ |
weight and size
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nylon is ___ to most chemicals |
resistant |
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nylon has excellent ___ resistance |
abrasion |
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nylon has a high ___ ___ and high ___ ___ |
melting point tensile strength |
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nylon loses ___ ___ of its strength when wet and or frozen and ___ under a load and will not ___ ___ ___. |
25 percent stretches float on water
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polypropylene is the ___ of synthetic fibers and does not absorb ___, and it ___, which makes it good for ___ ___ operations. |
lightest water floats water rescue |
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polypropylene has a low ___ ___ and low ___ ___ |
melting point abrasion resistance
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polypropylene has a relatively low ___ ___ and is susceptible to damage from ___. |
breaking strength sunlight |
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polypropylene is not suitable for ___ ___ rope because it is not ___ enough and it is hard to ___ ___. |
life safety strong hold knots |
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polyethylene properties are very similar to polypropylene but it will ___ indefinitely and has a low ___ ___. |
float melting point |
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___ is replacing the use of nylon rope |
polyester |
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polyester has a lower ___ than Nylon |
stretch |
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4 most common types of rope construction techniques |
laid or twisted braided braid-on-braid or double braided kernmantle |
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laid or twisted is formed by ___ individual ___ to form ___ or bundles. these ___ are then ___ together to form the finished rope |
twisting fibers strands strands twisted |
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every ___ is exposed to the outside of the rope on a laid or twisted rope |
fiber |
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laid ropes tend to ___ and ___ when used for rappel rope. |
twist and knot |
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laid rope tends to ___ and are prone to ___ when a ___ is applied, but they are ___ ___ ___. |
stretch unraveling load easy to inspect |
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braided rope is formed by ___ small bundles of ___ together |
weaving fibers |
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braided rope ___ are subject to direct ___ and ___. |
fibers abrasion damage |
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braided rope will ___ under a load, but is not prone to ___. |
stretch twisting |
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braid on braid or ___ ___ is constructed with bot a ___ ___ and ___ ___. |
double braid braided core braided sheath |
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___ split between the core and the sheath in total strength on a double braided rope |
50/50 |
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double braided ropes tend to be ___ ___ |
quite stretchy |
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the ___ ___ is protected from abrasions by the outer ___ but the sheath may ___ along the inner ___ of the rope. (double braided rope) |
inner core sheath slide core |
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kern is the ___, most important part of something: ___ |
central core |
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anything that cloaks, envelopes, covers, or conceals |
mantle |
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___ ___ of strength comes from the kern and ___ ___ of the strength comes from the ___ |
75 percent 25 percent mantle |
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mantles main purpose is to protect the ___ from ___ ___ |
kern physical damage |
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___ ___ ropes are manufactured from nylon and come in both ___ and ___. |
fire service dynamic static |
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3 types of rope used in Life Safety Situations |
dynamic (high stretch) static low stretch (still considered static) |
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used when long falls are a possiblity |
dynamic rope |
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dynamic rope is designed to ___ without ___. ___ to ___ percent ___ at normal safe working loads. |
stretch breaking 10 15 elongation |
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when the dynamic rope is loaded, the ___ ___ are pulled tighter, which gives the rope its ___. |
core fibers elasticity |
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___ ___ is the rope of choice for most rescue incidents |
static rope |
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according to NFPA ___, static rope must not elongate more than ___ percent when tested under a load equal to ___ percent of its ___ ___. |
1983 6 10 breaking strength |
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static rope is used mainly for 3 things |
hauling rescue rappelling |
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static rope fibers are laid ___ to each other in the core |
parallel |
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low stretch rope elongation is greater than ___ percent and less than ___ at a load of ___ percent of the ropes minimum ___ ___. |
6 10 10 breaking strength
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low stretch rope is used primarily in ___. |
rescue |
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4 categories of life safety rope |
light-use general-use throwline escape rope |
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light-use rope is ___ inch diameter or greater, but less than ___ inch and intended to support the weight of ___ ___ |
3/8 1/2 one person |
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light use rope must of a minimum breaking strength of ____ pounds, and a maximum safe working load limit of ___ pounds. |
4500 300 |
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general use rope has a ___ inch diameter or greater, but less than or equal to ___ inch and intended to support the weight of ___ ___. |
7/16 5/8 two persons |
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general use must have a minimum breaking strength of ___ pounds, and a maximum safe working load limit of ___ pounds. |
9000 600 |
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throwline ropes are ___ inch in diameter or greater, but less than ___ inch, and used to ___ rescuers during ___ rescues or to throw to a ___ in the water |
19/64 3/8 tether water victim |
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throwline ropes must have a minimum breaking strength of about ___ pounds, and a maximum safe working load limit of ___ pounds |
3000 200 |
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escape rope is not considered ___ ___ rope, but is constructed in a similar manner as ___ ___ rope |
life safety life safety |
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escape rope must meet generally the same ___, ___ ___, and ___ ___ ___ requirements as ___. |
elongation breaking strength safe working load throwline
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escape rope is intended to be used ___ and then ___ |
one time only destroyed
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rope colors serve 3 main purposes |
easily seen under most conditions define which rope is used for certain task visual method of determining rope damage |
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ropes must be inspected ___ ___ ___, whether it was used for actual emergency or training. |
after each use |
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unused ropes should be inspected at least ___ |
annually |
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inspect ropes ___ and by ___ |
visually touch |
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___ should not be worn when inspecting and storing ropes |
gloves |
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a ___ must be started and kept through the ropes working life and some ___ is required for ___ each rope. |
rope log system indentifying |
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a rope log is kept up to show: 2 things and helps determine if the rope should be ___ |
the date of each use and inspector what it was used for and condition after use retired |
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best policy for cleaning rope is to follow the ___ ___ |
manufacturers instructions |
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___ ___ rope can not be cleaned effectively because water cannot be used. ___ or ___ the rope to remove as much dirt and grit as possible. |
natural fiber wipe gently brush |
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synthetic fiber ropes can be cleaned using ___ ___ ___ and ___ ___. some synthetic rope can feel ___ after washing. |
cool tap water mild soap stiff |
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most basic method of washing rope |
hand washing |
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wiping the rope with a ___ or scrubbing with a ___ then rinsing the rope with ___. |
cloth brush clean water |
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small PVC device that fastens directly to water source |
commercial rope washer |
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using a washing machine : |
front loading machine only rope in mesh bag or chain the rope coldest setting |
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ropes must be completely ___ before being ___. |
dry stored |
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lay rope on the ___ ___ or any other area that is ___, ___, and ___ ___ ___ ___. |
apparatus floor clean dry out of direct sunlight |
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ropes can be stored in ___ or rope ___ |
coils bags |
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ropes should not be exposed to ___ ___ and not stored in the same compartments where ___ ___ equipment or the spare ___ for tools is stored |
chemical contaminants gas powered fuel |
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___ rope is the best method for storing life safety rope. |
bagging |
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webbing has two types of construction |
flat design tubular design |
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tubular design webbing has two different designs: a ___ weave and a ___ weave. the ___ weave is stronger and more resistant to ___. |
spiral chain spiral abrasions |
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rope rescue is a ___ skill that requires ___ ___ |
technical specialized training |
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___ is the primary means for raising and lowering ___, ___, and ___ |
rope rescuers equipment victims |
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fastens around the waist and arounds the thighs or under the buttocks |
class 1 harness |
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class 1 harness is intended to be used for emergency escape with a load of up to ___ pounds |
300 |
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class 2 harness fastens the same as class 1 but is rated for up to ___ pounds. |
600 |
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only way to tell the difference between class 1 and class 2 harness is to look at ___ ___ |
attached label |
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class 3 harness fastens around the waist, around the thighs or under the butt, and over the ___ |
shoulders |
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class 3 harness rated for |
up to 600 pounds |
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a metal snap link used to connect elements of a rescue system together |
caribener |
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used for rappelling or as a friction brake in lowering systems |
figure eight descender brake bar rack |
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used to ascend vertical rope |
ascender |
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used in rescue systems to change the direction of pull or to generate mechanical advantage |
pulleys |
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parts of a rope |
working end standing part running end |
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formed by simply bending the rope back on itself while keeping the sides parallel |
bight |
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made by crossing the side of a bight over the standing part |
loop |
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consists of further bending one side of a loop |
round turn |
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bight, loop, and round turn are the names for the ___ that a rope undergoes in the formation of a ___ or ___ |
bends knot hitch |
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knots and hitches are formed by combining these elements in different ways so that the tight part of the rope bears on the ___ ___ to hold it in place. |
working end |
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knots should be: 4 things |
easy to tie easy to untie easy to identify secure under load |
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knots should present as few ___ as possible to ___ strength |
bends preserve |
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all knots should be ___ after they are tied |
dressed |
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one way to prevent failures of knots is to tie a ___ ___ in the tail of the ___ ___ of the rope |
safety knot working end |
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knots can be used for one or more purposes: |
hitches knots bends safety knots |
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___ are used to attach a rope around an object |
hitches |
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___ are used to form loops |
knots |
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___ are used to join to ropes together |
bends (ends)
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GFD now uses the ___ ___ as its "safety" knot |
double overhand |
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not a secure knot by itself but used as a stabilizer as well as to keep the hoisting rope aligned with the handle of the object |
half hitch |
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used to attach a rope firmly to a round object such as a ___, ___, or ___ |
clove hitch pole post hoseline |
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clove hitch can be formed: |
anywhere in the rope from either end to the middle |
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clove hitch not regarded as suitable for use in ___ a life safety rope system |
anchoring |
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bowline is easily ___ and ___ |
tied and untied |
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should be able to tie this knot in the open as well as around an object and it is good for forming a single loop the will not constrict the object it is placed around |
bowline |
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the foundation knot |
figure eight |
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used as a stopper knot to prevent rope from passing through a ___ ___ |
figure eight rescue pulley |
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good way to tie a closed loop in the end of a rope |
figure eight on a bight |
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used to secure a rope around an object without the use of a carabiner or attaching a rope to a fixed ring or a solid object with an "eye" |
figure eight follow through |
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used on life safety rope to tie ropes of equal diameter together |
figure eight bend |
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used to tie a loop in the middle of a rope and distribute force equally in both directions |
butterfly knot |
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used to create a prussic hitch or join two ropes of equal diameter. can be extremely difficult to untie when loaded. |
double overhand bend |
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used to join two pieces of webbing or the ends of the same piece when a loop is needed |
water knot |
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one of the most common uses of rope in the fire service is to __ or ___ various tools and equipment from one ___ to another |
raise lower elevation |
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anything with a closed handle can be raised using a ___ ___ |
loop knot |
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anything with a long handle can be raised lowered using a ___ ___ and ___ ___ |
clove hitch half hitches |
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hitches 3 |
clove half handcuff |
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knots 7 |
double overhand figure eight bight figure eight follow through directional eight bowline butterfly overhand with a bight |
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bends 3 |
figure eight bend double overhand bend becket bend |