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15 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Central Nervous System (CNS) |
Made up of the brain and the spinal cord |
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Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) |
Made of peripheral nerves which link the CNS with the body's receptors and effectors |
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Sensory Neurons |
Conduct nerve impulses from receptors to the CNS (afferent pathway) |
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Relay Neurons |
Conduct nerve impulses within the CNS (also called interneurons or connector neurons) |
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Motor Neurons |
Conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to effectors (efferent pathway) |
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Resting Potential |
The charge difference across the membrane when a neuron is not firing (-70 mV), as maintained by the sodium-potassium pump |
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Action Potential |
The charge difference across the membrane when a neuron is firing (about 30 mV) |
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Depolarisation |
The change from a negative resting potential to a positive action potential (caused by opening of sodium channels) |
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Repolarisation |
The change from a positive action potential back to a negative resting potential (caused by opening of potassium channels) |
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Vasodilation |
The skin arterioles dilate, bringing blood into closer proximity to the body surface and allowing for heat transfer (convective cooling) |
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Sweating |
Sweat glands release sweat, which which is evaporated at the cost of latent heat in the air, thus cooling the body (evaporative cooling) |
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Vasoconstriction |
The skin arterioles constrict, moving blood away from the surface of the body, thus retaining the heat carried within the blood |
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Shivering |
Muscles begin to shake in small movements, expending energy through cell respiration (which produces heat as a by-product) |
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Piloerection |
Animals with furry coats can make their hair stand on end (piloerection), trapping pockets of warm air close to the body surface |
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Behavioural responses |
Animals may physically respond to environmental conditions in a bid to regulate temperature (e.g. bathing, burrowing, etc.) |
