6 Hypothalamus And Limbic System

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The hypothalamus is a ---------structure.

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diencephalic

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It is often described as being in the --------

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“rostral brainstem”.

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F hypothalamus

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Hormone secretion

Autonomic control of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands

Food and fluid intake and metabolism

Circadian rhythms

Reproductive functions

Thermoregulation

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POSTERIOR LOBE IS PART OF

CONTROLLED BY

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THE BRAIN. CONTROLLED BY MAGNOCELLULAR NEURONS IN HYPOTHALAMUS.

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ANTERIOR LOBE IS A

CONTROLLED BY?

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GLAND. CONTROLLLED BY PARVOCELLULAR NEURONS VIA PORTAL SYSTEM.

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MAGNOCELLULAR NEURONS RELEASE

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VASOPRESSIN AND/OR OXYTOCIN

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MAGNOCELLULAR NEURONS SECRETE OXYTOXIN AND VAPROSSIN DIRECTLY INTO THE

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CAPILLARY BED WITHIN THE POSTERIOR LOBE

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F OXYTOCIN

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STIMULATES MILK LET DOWN AND UTERINE CONTRACTIONS DURING BIRTH

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VASOPRESSIN (ADH) IS RELEASED BY_____IN RESPONSE TO ____

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PITUTATITY TERMINALS OF HYPOTHALAMIC MAGNOCELLULAR NEURONS IN RESPONSE TO INCREASED BLOOD OSLMOLARITY.

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WHAT IS RELEASED IN RESPONSE TO DEHYDRATION

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RENIN IS RELEASED FROM KIDNEY WHICH CONVERTS ANGIOTENSIN TO ANGIOOTENSIN 1. AND THEN ANGIONTENSIN II.

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F VASOPRESSIN
F ANGIOTENSIN

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Vasopressin reduces fluid loss

Angiotensin increases blood pressure and stimulates thirst and salt appetite.

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ANTERIOR LOBE: RELEASING FACTORS ARE PRODUCED BY _______ IN THE HPOTHALAMUS AND RELEASED INTO THE CAPILLARIES AT THE BASE OF THE PITUTAITARY STALK (THE MEDIAN EMINENCE)

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PARVOCELLULAR NEURONS

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F PARVOCELLULAR NUERONS IN HYPOTHALAMUS

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These stimulate release of anterior pituitary hormones into systemic blood that then act on other organs or glands.

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HORMONES ANTERIOR PITUTAITY

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FSH LH TSH ACTH GH PROLACTIN

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F CORTICOSTERONE

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GOVERNS METABOLIC AND STRESS RESPONSES.

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CORTICOTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE (CRH) IS SECRETED BY

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PARVOCLLULAR NEURONS

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F CRH

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CAUSES RELEASE OF ACTH WICH ENTERS THE SYSTEMIC BLOOD AND STIMULATES RELEASE OF CORTISOL FROM ADRENAL CORTEX.

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F CORTICOSL

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NOT JUST STRESS HORMONE. PROMOTES USE OF FAT INSTEAD OF CARBS


INHIBITS RELEASE OF ACTH AND CRH. VERY SOLUBLE, FAT LOVING. HAS EASY ACCESS TO BRAIN.

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CHRONIC ELEVATION OF CORTISOL CAUSE DEGENERATION OF

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HYPOCAMPAL NEURONS

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F The arcuate nucleus

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– senses circulating substances that signal energy balance (e.g., leptin, insulin, ghrelin) and receives input from vagal sensory sites and glucoregulatory neurons in hindbrain. Contains potent orexigenic and anorexigenic neuropeptides (e.g., NPY, AGRP, POMC, αMSH).

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T/F STUFF IN CSF HAS ACCESS TO ARCUATE NUCLEUS

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T
SINCE IT IS ALONG LATERAL VENTRICLE

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D OREXIGENIC

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STIUMLATES FEEDING

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D ANOREXIGENIC

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INHIBITS FEEDING.

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The paraventricular nucleus IS connected with?

It contains?

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Arcuate, hindbrain and spinal neurons.

CONTAINS MAGNOCELLULAR AND PARVOECELLULAR
NEURESOCRETERAY NEURONS COMMUNICATING DIRECTLY WITH ANS

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F LATERAL HYPOTHALAMUS

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CONTAINS OREXIN, A PEPTIDE INVOLVED IN APETITE AND REM SLEEP AND CRITICAL PATHWAYS INTERCONNECTING HYPOTHALAMUS WITH OTHER FOREBRAIN STRUCTURES.

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LEPTIN SIGNALS AMOUNT OF

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ADIPODICITY... RELEASED BY FAT CELLS

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LEPTIN BINDS TO RECEPTORS IN THE

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ARCUATE NUCLEUS OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS

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F LEPTIN IN METABOLISM

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REDUCES FOOD INTAKE AND INCREASES METABOLIC RATE

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GHRELIN IS SECRETED BY

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GASTRIC OXYNTIC CELLS

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GHRELIN STIMULATES

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FEEDING WHEN INJECTINGED PERIPHERALLY OR CENTRALLY.

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INCREASED FEEDING COINCIDES WITH INCREASED ___________ IN ARC

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NPY and AGRP LEVELS

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Ghrelin secretion exhibits

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a circadian rhythm and closely follows feeding schedules.

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Ghrelin is capable of
.

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altering the rhythm of clock gene expression in SCN cultured cells and in vivo after food deprivation.

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THS SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLUS (SCN) IS THE MASTER____

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CIRCADIAN RHYTHM GENERATOR IN THE BRAIN. CLOCK GENES IN SCN HAVE AN EXPRESSION CYCLE OF 24H EVEN IN VITRO.

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EFFECT AFFERENTS FROM RETINA ON SCN

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AFFERENTS FROM RETINA ENTRAIN BASIC CYCLE OS SCN CLOCK GENE EXPRESSION TO LIGHT DARK CYCLE.

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CLOCK GENES GENERATED NEGATIVE FEEDBACK ON PROTEIN PRODUCTION

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BY PRODUCING INHIBITING PROTEINS IN 24 HOURS?

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LIMBIC SYSTEM IS A BORDER AROUND

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DIENCEPHALON

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F LYMBIC SYSTEM

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GENERATE EMOTIONAL OUTPUT. BOTH EMOTIONAL EXPERIENCE (COGNITIVE) AND EXPRESSION (PHYSIOLOGICAL).

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MAJOR STRUCTURES LYMIC SYSTEM

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CINGULATE GYRUS, GRONTAL LOBE, BASAL BOREBRAIN

AMYGDALA

HYPOTHALAMUS

HYPPOCAMUS (WONT TALK ABOUT)

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EMOTIONAL EXPERIENCE IS CONTROLLED BY THE

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NEOCRTEOX WITH INPUTS FROM LIMBIC SYSTEM AND OTHER STRUCTURES

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Emotional expression is controlled by the

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Somatic nervous system, the autonomic nervous system and the hypothalamic neurosecretory system.

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The hypothalamus IS an important integration and output site for

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physiological responses. contributes to display of affect (emotional expression).

CAUSES BEHAVIORAL CHANGES

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AMYGDALA PLAYES KEY ROLE IN

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FEAR AND ANXIETY

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LOCATION AMYGDALA

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Amygdala lies subcortically within the ventral temporal lobe

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AMYGDALA DAMAGE CAUSES WHAT BEHAVIOR CHANGES

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Hypersexuality
Loss of hostility-animals became very tame
Loss of fear
Flattened emotion
Visual recognition problems
Odd oral behaviors-put everything in mouth

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STIMULATION OF AMYGDALA CAUSES

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FEAR AND AGGRESSION

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T/F AMYGDALA IS SITE OF EMOTIONAL LEARNING

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TRUE
MAINLY AVOIDANCE LEARNING VIA ASSOCIATION

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PT S.M. WHO LACKED AMYGDALA COULD NOT RECOGNIZE

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FEAR IN OTHERS

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LIMBIC SYSTEM IS HIGHLY INTERCONNECTED WITH

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FRONTAL LOBE

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F CINGULUM

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THE CINGULUM IS A FIBER TRACT WITHIN THE CINGULATE GYRUS. CINGULOTOMY AND FROTAL LOBOTOMY PRODUCE SIMILAR EFFECTS.

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F SEROTONIN

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MODEULATES AGGRESSION-INNERVATES LIMBIC STRUCTURES

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WHERE ARE SEROTONINERGIC NEURONS LOCATED IN?

WHERE DO THEY PROJECT?

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IN RAPHE NUCLEI IN HIND BRAIN

TO LIMBIC STRUCTURES AND NEOCORTEX

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SEROTONIN AGONISTS _______ AGGRESSION

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DECREASE

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T/F L IMIC SYSTEMI IS ALSO CRUCISAL FOR POSITIVE EMOTIONS AND MOTIVATION

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T

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WHAT SYSTEM IS ESPECIALLY IMPORTANT FOR MOTIVATION AND REINFORCEMENT?

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MESOLIMBIC DOPAMINE SYSTEM

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DOPAMINE SYSTEM ORIGINATES IN

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VENTRAL TEGMENTAL AREA? PROJECTS TO FRONTAL LOVE, COTEX.

(SUBSTANTIA NIAGRA PROJECTS TO STRIATUM)

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T/F SITES CONTAINING DOPAMINE ARE SELF STIMULATION SITES

Back 57

T

Front 58

F COCAINE

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COCAINE-BLOCKS REUPTAKE OF DOPMAINE

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F AMPHETAMINE

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AMPHETAMINE-ALSO BLOCK REUPTAKE AND FACILITATES RELEASE OF DOPAMINE

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T/F TOLERANCE TO COCAIN AND AMPHETAMINE OCCURS

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T

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T/F Dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin are central players in treatment of mental illness.

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T