6

Front 1

catabolic pathways

Back 1

releases energy by breaking complex molecules into simpler ones

Front 2

what uses up energy to make complicated molecules from simpler ones

Back 2

anabolic pathways

Front 3

kinetic energy

Back 3

anything that moves has energy

Front 4

what energy comes form the random movement of molecules

Back 4

thermal energy

Front 5

potential energy

Back 5

even tho an object isnt moving it still has the capacity to hold energy

Front 6

what is the first law of thermodynamics?

Back 6

energy cant be destroyed or created. It can only be changed from its original form or be transferred

Front 7

what is the second law of thermodynamics

Back 7

eveery modification or transfer of energy increases the amt of entropy or disorder in the world

Front 8

what is lost when transferring energy?

Back 8

heat

Front 9

when is heat mose useful?
if heat is a type of energy then what can be concluded

Back 9

heat is only good when it moves from a warm to a cooler area.energy stays the same but its form can change

Front 10

what kind of energy can happen without any other force acting on it to make it work?

Back 10

spontaneous energy!and on top of that it increaes the stabililty of a system but is only consider spontaneous if it increases entropy of the universe.

Front 11

nonspontaneous energy is energy that...

Back 11

can't occur on its own...wuss?

Front 12

what kind of energy is available for work only when temperature is uniform throughout a system

Back 12

free energy is less than a system's total energy

Front 13

what does instability in a system depend on?

Back 13

instability depends on the tendency to change to a more stable state.

Front 14

systems that have more free energy are more or less stable?

Back 14

more free energy means less stability but greater work potential

Front 15

when are systems more stable but have a lower work capacity

Back 15

when they have less free energy in the system. when there is less free energy then a reaction is closer to equilbrium.

Front 16

exergonic

Back 16

when energy is released. it is spontaneous

Front 17

endergonic

Back 17

endergonic is when energy moves inward. It also is nonspontaneous and absorbs energy

Front 18

what is ATP

Back 18

it's called adeosine triphosate it has a nitrogenous base adenine bonded to ribose, similar to RNA

Front 19

how is ATP different from RNA

Back 19

ATP has 3 phosphate groups, all of which are negative, attached to ribose. This creates instabilitiy. however, RNA has only one phosphate attached to ribose

Front 20

how is ADP made?

Back 20

hydrolysis separates the phosphate groups of ATP right? Then the now inorganic ATP leaves and becomes ADP. This reaction is exergonic

Front 21

tell me some fun stuff abt phosphate bonds?

Back 21

1)phosphate has lot's of energy becuz of their weak bonds.

Front 22

is ATP more or less stable than ADP

Back 22

The products of hydrolsis (ADP) are more stable meaning ATP is less stable than ADP. This is becuz it's an exergonic change so energy is obtained from the chemical change and the system is basically asking for more stability

Front 23

what the heck is phosphorylated?

Back 23

this is when whoever is lucky enuf to get the phosphate sent by ATP that has the combined energy of hydrolysis and endergonic processes. this intermediate is less stable than the original molecucle.

Front 24

how is ATP regenerated?

Back 24

ATP is made thru the endergonic process of adding a phosphate to ADP

Front 25

enzymes

Back 25

catalytic proteins

Front 26

what is a catalyst?

Back 26

a chemical that changes the rate of reaction without being consumed by the reaction.

Front 27

if u break bonds is energy released or absorbed

Back 27

breaking bonds releases energy while forming bonds usues up energy

Front 28

what energy is used to break bonds in reactant molecules?

Back 28

activation energy

Front 29

when will cells die?

Back 29

a cell will die if it doesn't have enuf energy to get over the activation energy hump.

Front 30

what is the general name of the reactant that the enzyme acts on?

Back 30

substrate.

Front 31

what allows an enzyme to catalyze?

Back 31

Enzymes have a unique 3d conformation this is what lets them catalyze a particular reaction.

Front 32

what the heck is an active site?

Back 32

it is the part of the enzyme that binds to the substrate. even tho it is similar to what it binds to the active site does have to be changed tightly by the substrate so it can fit snugly.

Front 33

what are some awesome things to know about the active site?

Back 33

1) it lets two completely different substances interact.
2)it also lets the enzyme stretch and break important bonds that need to be broken

Front 34

what happens with an increase in temperature during an enzymatic reaction? what if the temperature drops dramatically?

Back 34

An increase in temperature will result in a faster enzymatic reaction since substrates will collide with active sites quicker. If the temperature drops too quickly then then the high heat will cause the protein molecule to denature

Front 35

if ur a cofactor then you like to help factor polynomials?

Back 35

no! a cofactor is a nonprotein that helps out an enzyme to catalyze. how sweet. if inorganic it is called coenzyme

Front 36

can regulatory molecules alter how an enzyme is shape and what it's used for?

Back 36

yep! the allosteric site is where regulatory molecules do their drag job. They start by binding to a specific receptor site which is totally different from the active site

Front 37

how are most allosterically made enzymes made of? what does this have?

Back 37

most enzymes made by allosteric regulation are made up of 2 or more polypeptide chain or subunits. These subunits have their own active sites. their joined where there are allosteric sites. This means if one subunit changes then they all will

Front 38

what is a metabolic control?

Back 38

feedback inhibition since it switches a metabolic pathway by its end product which acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme in the pathway.