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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Goal of immunization
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To protect against disease upon subsequent exposure to the infection
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Immunization timing
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Must immunize before exposure
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Ideal vaccine
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-Induces protective immune response in all individuals
-No adverse events -Cheap to produce -Not temperature sensitive (there is no ideal vaccine...yet) |
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Active immunity
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Stimulate the host to produce a protective response to a pathogen either by natural infection or immunization and relies on immunologic memory
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What do B cells produce?
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Plasma cells, which produce antibodies against the antigen.
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What do cytotoxic T cells do?
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Cause lysis of infected cells
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What type of immune system cell does HIV attack?
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T helper cells
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IgA
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Found in secretions
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IgE
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-Involved in allergy and anaphylaxis
-immune response to parasites |
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IgG
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Found in large amounts in the serum, major antibody of secondary response
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IgM
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predominant early antibody
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Secondary antibody response
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-no maturation of IgM response
-higher affinity -appear more quickly -persist longer -attain a higher concentration -mostly IgG |
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Live Attenuated Vaccines
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-Contain live organisms
-Undergo limited replication in host -Produce immune response without causing disease (examples: measles, mumps, rubella, varicella zoster, rotavirus, influenza (nasal), (oral polio), typhoid, yellow fever) |
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Issues with live attenuated vaccines
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-Single dose to produce long-lasting immunity (Repeat doses do not boost, but second chance for seroconversion)
-Timing (many issues, maternal antibody interferes with infant’s immune response so not administered until after 1st birthday) -Contraindicated in pregnancy, immunosuppressed |
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Whole, inactivated vaccines
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-Grown in culture
-Exposed to heat, chemical to inactivate -Sometimes purified to contain only portion needed to induce immunity (examples: hepatitis A, influenza (though most are split or subunit products), polio, rabies) |
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Issues with whole, inactivated vaccines
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Issues With Inactivated Vaccines
-Multiple doses to produce protective immunity -Generally require booster doses -Minimal interference from circulating antibody |
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Fractional Vaccines
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-Portion of pathogen that causes protective immunity
-Reduces adverse effects associated with vaccine administration such as injection site soreness, redness, systemic reactions |
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Examples of Fractional Vaccines
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-polysaccharide vaccines
-recombinant DNA vaccines -toxoids -specific examples (influenze, acellular pertussis) |
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Polysaccharide Vaccines
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-Composed of long chains of sugar molecules from bacterial capsule
-Immune response T cell independent – stimulate B cells without T helper cells -Ineffective in children <2 years -No booster response -Predominant antibody response is IgM (examples: Pneumococcal (PPSV23), Meningococcal (MPSV4)) |
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Conjugate Vaccines
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-Polysaccharide linked to protein making it a more potent vaccine
-Conjugation overcomes the disadvantages of polysaccharide vaccines (Pathogens important causes of disease in infants, elicit memory response) (Examples: Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), Pneumococcal (PCV13), Meningococcal conjugate (MCV4)) |
