5.03 A Round Of Golf

Front 1

where does the largest pressure drop in the circulation occur?

Back 1

along arterioles

Front 2

which blood vessels have the greatest resistance to flow?

Back 2

arterioles

Front 3

where in the body is there dense sympathetic vasoconstrictor innervation?

Back 3

skin, GI tract, kidney (low priority organs)

Front 4

which organs have a low density sympathetic vasoconstrictor innervation?

Back 4

heart, brain (high priority organs)

Front 5

what are the receptos on smooth muscle that cause vasoconstriction?

Back 5

alphs

Front 6

where is adrenaline released from?

Back 6

adrenal medulla (by sympathetic activity)

Front 7

which receptors does adrenaline activate?

Back 7

alpha and beta

Front 8

what are the alpha effects on peripheral blood vessels?

Back 8

vasoconstriction

Front 9

which receptor causes vasodilation in coronary arterioles?

Back 9

beta receptors

Front 10

what is the effect of angiotensin on blood vessels?

Back 10

vasoconstriction

Front 11

what is the effect of vasopressin (ADH) on blood vessels?

Back 11

vasoconstriction

Front 12

what is the effect of histamine on blood vessels?

Back 12

vasodilation, increases capillary permeability

Front 13

what is the main mechanism for matching local blood flow to the needs of small groups of cells?

Back 13

vasodilator metabolites (decreased O2, increased CO2, lactic acid, adenosine)

Front 14

what is NO produced in response to?

Back 14

flow-induced shear stress on endothelial cells

Front 15

when does smooth muscle contraction occur?

Back 15

when myosin light chain is phosphorylated

Front 16

which particles transport lipids around the body?

Back 16

lipoproteins

Front 17

are cholesterol esters contained in the coat or core of lipoproteins?

Back 17

core

Front 18

what type of lipids are in the core of lipoproteins?

Back 18

cholesterol esters, triglycerides

Front 19

which are the largest lipoproteins?

Back 19

chylomicrons

Front 20

which lipoproteins are TAG rich?

Back 20

chylomicrons, VLDLs

Front 21

which lipoproteins are cholesterol ester rich?

Back 21

LDLs and HDLs

Front 22

which apoproteins are responsible for targeting?

Back 22

B48, B100, E

Front 23

which apoproteins are enzyme activators?

Back 23

A1, CII

Front 24

how do statins reduce LDL levels?

Back 24

suppress cholesterol synthesis by inhibiting HMGCoA reductase

Front 25

what activates LCAT?

Back 25

ApoA1

Front 26

which drugs reduce high TAG levels?

Back 26

fibrates

Front 27

what does ST segment elevation indicate?

Back 27

transmural ischaemia

Front 28

what does ST depression indicate?

Back 28

subendocardial ischaemia

Front 29

when does T wave inversion occur?

Back 29

after ischaemia has passed or if there has been infarction

Front 30

in which leads would there be ST elevation in the case of transmural ischaemia of the anterior wall?

Back 30

V1-5

Front 31

which drug treatments of ischaemic heart disease improve prognosis?

Back 31

aspirin, beta-blocker, tatin, ACE inhibitor

Front 32

which drug treatments of IHD alleviate symptoms?

Back 32

nitrates, beta-blocker, calcium antagonist

Front 33

/f... aspirin is effective for primary prevention of adverse events in patients at low risk of CV disease

Back 33

false, aspirin is not effective in this case

Front 34

what are the effects of nitrates?

Back 34

vasodilation, reduction of myocardial O2 demand

Front 35

how do statins act?

Back 35

inhibit hepatic HMG CoA reductase

Front 36

what are the two actions of ACE inhibitors?

Back 36

inhibit conversion of Ang I to Ang II and inactivation of braykinin

Front 37

what percentage of patients with intermittent claudication will require bypass?
will manage without operation?
will die of cardiac disease or stroke?

Back 37

10-15%
85%
20%

Front 38

what is the commonest cause of stroke and TIA?

Back 38

thromboembolic disease arising from extracranial vessels

Front 39

what vessels are commonly affected in diabetic peripheral vascular disease?

Back 39

tibial and peroneal vessels

Front 40

list some risk factors for coronary atherosclerosis

Back 40

diabetes, hypercholesterolaemia, smoking, hypertension, male sex, increasing age, positive family history, sedentary lifestyle, obesity

Front 41

why are arterial branch points predisposed to atherosclerosis?

Back 41

increased turbulence, cell turnover and permeability of endothelium

Front 42

what is required of endothlial cells for the rolling, adhesion and diapedesis of monocytes?

Back 42

expression of adhesion molecules

Front 43

how do cytokines augment leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion?

Back 43

promoting expression of endothelial adhesion molecules (e.g. VCAM-1) and monocyte ligand molecules (e.g. integrins)

Front 44

how does the endothelium maintain vascular tone?

Back 44

releasing prostacyclin (dilator), endothelin (constrictor), and endothelium-derived relaxing factor

Front 45

what induces the change from contractile to synthetic SMC phenotype?

Back 45

PDGF

Front 46

t/f... the endothelial adhesion molecule VCAM-1 is an immunoglobulin

Back 46

true

Front 47

which cytokines increase the expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1?

Back 47

IL-1, TNF

Front 48

what are the major determinants of myocardial O2 consumption?

Back 48

heart rate, LV wall stress, contractility

Front 49

what percentage of lumen must be obstructed to cause flow limitation at rest?

Back 49

90%

Front 50

which arrhythmia is likely with transmural infarcts in the posterior wall of the left ventricle?

Back 50

bradyarrhythmia

Front 51

which leads would show ST elevation in transmural ischaemia of the lateral wall?

Back 51

V6, aVL

Front 52

which leads would show ST elevation in transmural ischaemia of the inferior wall?

Back 52

II, III, aVF

Front 53

which artery is affected if the transmural ischaemia is affecting the lateral wall?

Back 53

left circumflex

Front 54

which artery is affected if the transmural ischaemia is affecting the inferior wall?

Back 54

right coronary artery

Front 55

which artery is affected if the transmural ischaemia is affecting the anterior wall?

Back 55

LAD